Preface
My purpose of writing this book is to introduce Himachal Pradesh to the readers in a systematic and easily understandable manner. I hope that the information given in the book will be of use to everyone.
This reference book , containing all the important information about Himachal Pradesh, is compiled and arranged in a reader friendly format. It has several salient features that make it better and different from its competitors. It is comprehensive and detailed without being bulky and voluminous. Handy and packed with the latest information (updated up to April 2006), it has all the facts, figures, information and analysis that one needs.
This book is a compendium on history, geography, demography, culture, economy and society of Himachal. The book profiles each district and the entire state in a handy volume. Separate chapters on government and politics, agriculture, horticulture, education, health, tourism, communications, rural development, industry and other specialized areas make this an excellent reference book.
Every effort to verify the information given in this book for its correctness has been made and is based on authentic historical documents, government reports, other official documents, press releases and news reports.
This book will meet the need of students and candidates preparing for competitive examinations for comprehensive and compact reference material. In addition, general readers will find this an invaluable storehouse of interesting and relevant information. Government functionaries, non-government organizations, business executives, industrialists-every individual and institution will need this for ready reference.
Minakshi Chaudhry
Back Of Book
Himachal Pradesh has always been one of the most sought after tourist destinations in India, not just for the State's abundant natural beauty, but also for its rich, unique cultural heritage.
In this guide, Minakshi Chaudhry gives a detailed overview of this beautiful land in terms of its history, geography, demography, culture, economy and social structure. A systematic and easily accessible reference book, Himachal: A Complete Guide to the Land of Gods is a must - have for students, candidates preparing for competitive examinations, government functionaries, non - government organisations, industrialists and any individual who is interested in the ecology, history, geography of one of the most picturesque States in India. Himachal: A Complete Guide to the Land of Gods is an invaluable storehouse of interesting and relevant information.
Minakshi Chaudhry has travelled extensively as a reporter for the Indian Express. She has authored three books, Exploring Pangi Himalaya: A World Beyond Civilization, A Guide to Trekking in Himachal and Ghost Stories of Shimla Hills.
Acknowledgement | xvii | |
Preface | xix | |
Chapter 1: | Physical Aspects | 1 |
Himachal | 1 | |
The Land | 1 | |
Mountain System | 2 | |
Main Peaks in Himachal | 4 | |
Rivers | 4 | |
Riverside Towns in Himachal | 6 | |
Glaciers | 7 | |
Avalanches | 9 | |
Lakes | 9 | |
Valleys | 10 | |
Other Valleys | 12 | |
Climate | 13 | |
Seasons | 14 | |
Chapter II: | People | 16 |
Demography | 16 | |
Proportion of rural - urban population | 16 | |
Village and Household size | 17 | |
Sex ratio | 18 | |
Sex ratio in the age group of 0 - 6 years | 18 | |
Literacy | 19 | |
Gender Gap | 20 | |
Literacy rate (rural) | 20 | |
Literacy rate (urban) | 20 | |
Demography of Scheduled Castes | 21 | |
Sex ratio among Scheduled Castes | 22 | |
Demography of Scheduled Tribes | 22 | |
Sex Ratio of Scheduled Tribe Population | 23 | |
Religion | 23 | |
Scheduled Tribes of Himachal | 24 | |
Culture | 29 | |
Customs and Manners | 29 | |
Birth | 30 | |
Marriage | 32 | |
Marriage by abduction | 35 | |
Polyandry and Polygyny | 36 | |
Art, craft and architecture | 37 | |
Wood Art | 39 | |
Sculpture | 39 | |
Painting | 40 | |
Temples | 41 | |
Folk Dances | 45 | |
Folk Drama | 46 | |
Language | 47 | |
Script | 49 | |
Literature | 49 | |
Cuisine | 50 | |
Important personalities of the state | 51 | |
Freedom fighters | 51 | |
Chief Ministers | 56 | |
Other important personalities of the state | 58 | |
Writers and artists | 60 | |
The Roerichs | 60 | |
Chapter III: | History | 64 |
Prehistory | 64 | |
Ancient History | 66 | |
Medieval History | 69 | |
British rule | 74 | |
Freedom Struggle and Praja mandal movement | 75 | |
Independence and after | 77 | |
Hill States | 78 | |
Chapter IV: | Ecology | 80 |
The Forests | 82 | |
Classification of Forests | 83 | |
Forest types | 83 | |
Wildlife | 84 | |
Poaching | 89 | |
Monkey menace | 89 | |
Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP) | 90 | |
Pin Valley National Park | 91 | |
The Forest Policy Issues | 95 | |
Environmental Concerns | 96 | |
Quarrying | 96 | |
Flash floods and Landslides | 96 | |
Water Pollution | 97 | |
Grazing | 97 | |
Forest Fires | 97 | |
Lopping | 98 | |
Tourism | 98 | |
Heavy Construction | 99 | |
Sewage Disposal | 100 | |
Disease in Forests | 100 | |
Eco - Tourism Policy | 101 | |
Implementation Strategy | 101 | |
Chapter V: | Government and Politics | 102 |
Introduction | 102 | |
Administrative developments | 103 | |
Milestones in Constitutional History (1948 - 1972) | 107 | |
Elections and Party Politics | 108 | |
Executive | 110 | |
Police | 111 | |
Crime against women | 112 | |
Drugs | 113 | |
Suicides | 114 | |
Nepali criminals | 115 | |
Militancy in Himachal | 115 | |
Judiciary in Himachal | 115 | |
Himachal Pradesh Administrative Tribunal | 116 | |
Lokayukta | 116 | |
Himachal Pradesh public Service Commission | 117 | |
Himachal Pradesh Subordinate Service Selection Board | 117 | |
Himachal Pradesh Institute of Public | ||
Administration (HIPA) | 118 | |
Chapter VI: | Economy | 119 |
Introduction | 119 | |
Economic Profile | 119 | |
State Domestic Product | 120 | |
Receipt and Expenditure of the State Government, in crore rupees | 121 | |
Per Capita Income | 123 | |
Employment | 123 | |
Industrial Policy | 124 | |
Industrial Growth | 126 | |
Aqua Culture | 127 | |
Sericulture | 128 | |
Handloom and Handicrafts | 128 | |
Minerals | 129 | |
Mining | 130 | |
Money and Banking | 131 | |
Priority Sector Credit | 131 | |
Micro Finance | 132 | |
NABARD | 132 | |
Rural Infrastructure | 132 | |
Rural Non - Farm Sector | 133 | |
Urban Development | 133 | |
Chapter VII: | State Budget | 138 |
What is Budget ? | 138 | |
What is included in the Budget ? | 138 | |
Chapter VIII: | Information Technology and Biotechnology | 145 |
Computerisation; e - governance projects | 146 | |
Biotechnology | 147 | |
Chapter IX: | Hydroelectric Potential | 149 |
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board | 151 | |
Projects with the Central Private Sector Units (CPSUs) | 151 | |
Projects in Private Sector | 151 | |
Main Projects in the State | 151 | |
HIMURJA | 153 | |
Chapter X | 157 | |
Education | 157 | |
Education Indicators | 157 | |
Educational Institutions | 158 | |
Scholarship Schemes and Incentives to the Children | 163 | |
Technical Education | 164 | |
Chapter XI | 166 | |
Health | 166 | |
National Rural Health Mission | 167 | |
Health Policy | 168 | |
Specialised Medical Care and Medical Colleges | 169 | |
Main Programmes of Health Department | 170 | |
Chapter XII: | Rural Development | 174 |
Panchayati Raj | 175 | |
Rural Poverty in Himachal | 176 | |
Special Schemes and Programmes for Rural Development | 178 | |
Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) | 178 | |
Schemes for Social Welfare | 181 | |
Schemes for Child Welfare | 182 | |
Schemes of Women Welfare | 183 | |
Welfare Schemes for the Handicapped | 183 | |
Public Distribution System | 184 | |
Price Control | 185 | |
Chapter XIII | 187 | |
Agriculture | 187 | |
Hill agriculture | 187 | |
Climate Zones in Himachal | 187 | |
Main Crops | 188 | |
Irrigation | 189 | |
Animal Husbandry | 189 | |
Fisheries and Aquaculture | 190 | |
Mushroom Cultivation | 191 | |
Kangra Tea | 192 | |
Functions of Agriculture Department | 192 | |
Seed Development and Multiplication | 193 | |
Soil Testing | 193 | |
Crop Protection | 194 | |
Seed Potato Development | 194 | |
Vegetable Development | 194 | |
Ginger Development | 194 | |
Agricultural Marketing | 194 | |
Farmers' Training and Education | 195 | |
Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana | 195 | |
Centrally Sponsored Schemes | 195 | |
Integrated Scheme of Oilseed, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize (ISOPOM) |
195 | |
Biogas Development Programmes | 195 | |
Work Plan for Accelerated Growth of Agriculture | 196 | |
Incentives to Farmers | 196 | |
Seed Certification Programmes | 196 | |
Women in Agriculture Programmes | 197 | |
National Agriculture Technology Project | 197 | |
Chapter XIV | 202 | |
Horticulture | 202 | |
Horticulture in the hills | 202 | |
Role of Horticulture | 203 | |
Apple economy | 205 | |
Horticulture Technology Mission | 206 | |
Chapter XV | 207 | |
Tourism | 207 | |
The early explorers | 208 | |
Hill stations | 210 | |
Tourism potential | 210 | |
Adventure Activities | 211 | |
Pilgrimage Tourism | 214 | |
Profile of Tourism visiting the state | 215 | |
Tourism Policy of Himachal | 216 | |
Chapter XVI: | Communication | 219 |
Roads | 219 | |
National Highways | 220 | |
Himachal Road Transport Corporation | 223 | |
Railway | 224 | |
Kalka-Shimla Railway | 224 | |
Bhalkoo and Shimla Railways | 225 | |
Pathankot-Jogindernagar Railway Line | 226 | |
Ambala-Una-Talwara Railway Line | 226 | |
Chandigarh-Baddi Railway Line | 226 | |
Air | 226 | |
Telecommunication | 227 | |
Internet Users | 227 | |
BSNL's Vision 2007 | 227 | |
Postal Department | 228 | |
Newspapers and Periodicals | 228 | |
Ancient trade routes to Tibet | 228 | |
Mountain Passes to Tibet | 230 | |
Chapter XVII: | Districts | 231 |
Shimla | 231 | |
Fact File | 231 | |
History | 232 | |
Geography | 233 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 233 | |
Sirmour | 235 | |
Fact File | 235 | |
History | 236 | |
Geography | 237 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 238 | |
Solan | 238 | |
Fact File | 238 | |
History | 239 | |
Geography | 239 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 239 | |
Mandi | 240 | |
Fact File | 240 | |
History | 241 | |
Geography | 243 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 244 | |
Shivratri | 244 | |
Kullu | 245 | |
Fact File | 245 | |
History | 246 | |
Geography | 247 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 248 | |
Sainj Fair | 249 | |
Kangra | 249 | |
Fact File | 249 | |
History | 251 | |
Geography | 252 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 253 | |
Bilaspur | 253 | |
Fact File | 253 | |
History | 254 | |
Geography | 254 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 255 | |
Hamirpur | 256 | |
Fact File | 256 | |
History | 256 | |
Geography | 257 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 257 | |
Chamba | 258 | |
Fact File | 258 | |
History | 259 | |
Geography | 260 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 261 | |
Kinnaur | 262 | |
Fact File | 262 | |
History | 264 | |
Geography | 264 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 264 | |
Lahaul-Spiti | 265 | |
Fact File | 265 | |
History | 266 | |
Lahaul | 266 | |
Spiti | 267 | |
Geography | 268 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 269 | |
Una | 269 | |
Fact File | 269 | |
History | 270 | |
Geography | 271 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 271 | |
Chapter XVIII: | Hazard Profile of Himachal | 272 |
Earthquakes | 272 | |
Chapter XIX: | Select Bibliography | 276 |
Art, Dance | 276 | |
Census | 276 | |
Gazetteer | 277 | |
General | 278 | |
Painting | 278 | |
Travel, Trekking | 278 | |
History and Culture | 279 | |
Language, Customs | 280 | |
Appendices | 281 |
Preface
My purpose of writing this book is to introduce Himachal Pradesh to the readers in a systematic and easily understandable manner. I hope that the information given in the book will be of use to everyone.
This reference book , containing all the important information about Himachal Pradesh, is compiled and arranged in a reader friendly format. It has several salient features that make it better and different from its competitors. It is comprehensive and detailed without being bulky and voluminous. Handy and packed with the latest information (updated up to April 2006), it has all the facts, figures, information and analysis that one needs.
This book is a compendium on history, geography, demography, culture, economy and society of Himachal. The book profiles each district and the entire state in a handy volume. Separate chapters on government and politics, agriculture, horticulture, education, health, tourism, communications, rural development, industry and other specialized areas make this an excellent reference book.
Every effort to verify the information given in this book for its correctness has been made and is based on authentic historical documents, government reports, other official documents, press releases and news reports.
This book will meet the need of students and candidates preparing for competitive examinations for comprehensive and compact reference material. In addition, general readers will find this an invaluable storehouse of interesting and relevant information. Government functionaries, non-government organizations, business executives, industrialists-every individual and institution will need this for ready reference.
Minakshi Chaudhry
Back Of Book
Himachal Pradesh has always been one of the most sought after tourist destinations in India, not just for the State's abundant natural beauty, but also for its rich, unique cultural heritage.
In this guide, Minakshi Chaudhry gives a detailed overview of this beautiful land in terms of its history, geography, demography, culture, economy and social structure. A systematic and easily accessible reference book, Himachal: A Complete Guide to the Land of Gods is a must - have for students, candidates preparing for competitive examinations, government functionaries, non - government organisations, industrialists and any individual who is interested in the ecology, history, geography of one of the most picturesque States in India. Himachal: A Complete Guide to the Land of Gods is an invaluable storehouse of interesting and relevant information.
Minakshi Chaudhry has travelled extensively as a reporter for the Indian Express. She has authored three books, Exploring Pangi Himalaya: A World Beyond Civilization, A Guide to Trekking in Himachal and Ghost Stories of Shimla Hills.
Acknowledgement | xvii | |
Preface | xix | |
Chapter 1: | Physical Aspects | 1 |
Himachal | 1 | |
The Land | 1 | |
Mountain System | 2 | |
Main Peaks in Himachal | 4 | |
Rivers | 4 | |
Riverside Towns in Himachal | 6 | |
Glaciers | 7 | |
Avalanches | 9 | |
Lakes | 9 | |
Valleys | 10 | |
Other Valleys | 12 | |
Climate | 13 | |
Seasons | 14 | |
Chapter II: | People | 16 |
Demography | 16 | |
Proportion of rural - urban population | 16 | |
Village and Household size | 17 | |
Sex ratio | 18 | |
Sex ratio in the age group of 0 - 6 years | 18 | |
Literacy | 19 | |
Gender Gap | 20 | |
Literacy rate (rural) | 20 | |
Literacy rate (urban) | 20 | |
Demography of Scheduled Castes | 21 | |
Sex ratio among Scheduled Castes | 22 | |
Demography of Scheduled Tribes | 22 | |
Sex Ratio of Scheduled Tribe Population | 23 | |
Religion | 23 | |
Scheduled Tribes of Himachal | 24 | |
Culture | 29 | |
Customs and Manners | 29 | |
Birth | 30 | |
Marriage | 32 | |
Marriage by abduction | 35 | |
Polyandry and Polygyny | 36 | |
Art, craft and architecture | 37 | |
Wood Art | 39 | |
Sculpture | 39 | |
Painting | 40 | |
Temples | 41 | |
Folk Dances | 45 | |
Folk Drama | 46 | |
Language | 47 | |
Script | 49 | |
Literature | 49 | |
Cuisine | 50 | |
Important personalities of the state | 51 | |
Freedom fighters | 51 | |
Chief Ministers | 56 | |
Other important personalities of the state | 58 | |
Writers and artists | 60 | |
The Roerichs | 60 | |
Chapter III: | History | 64 |
Prehistory | 64 | |
Ancient History | 66 | |
Medieval History | 69 | |
British rule | 74 | |
Freedom Struggle and Praja mandal movement | 75 | |
Independence and after | 77 | |
Hill States | 78 | |
Chapter IV: | Ecology | 80 |
The Forests | 82 | |
Classification of Forests | 83 | |
Forest types | 83 | |
Wildlife | 84 | |
Poaching | 89 | |
Monkey menace | 89 | |
Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP) | 90 | |
Pin Valley National Park | 91 | |
The Forest Policy Issues | 95 | |
Environmental Concerns | 96 | |
Quarrying | 96 | |
Flash floods and Landslides | 96 | |
Water Pollution | 97 | |
Grazing | 97 | |
Forest Fires | 97 | |
Lopping | 98 | |
Tourism | 98 | |
Heavy Construction | 99 | |
Sewage Disposal | 100 | |
Disease in Forests | 100 | |
Eco - Tourism Policy | 101 | |
Implementation Strategy | 101 | |
Chapter V: | Government and Politics | 102 |
Introduction | 102 | |
Administrative developments | 103 | |
Milestones in Constitutional History (1948 - 1972) | 107 | |
Elections and Party Politics | 108 | |
Executive | 110 | |
Police | 111 | |
Crime against women | 112 | |
Drugs | 113 | |
Suicides | 114 | |
Nepali criminals | 115 | |
Militancy in Himachal | 115 | |
Judiciary in Himachal | 115 | |
Himachal Pradesh Administrative Tribunal | 116 | |
Lokayukta | 116 | |
Himachal Pradesh public Service Commission | 117 | |
Himachal Pradesh Subordinate Service Selection Board | 117 | |
Himachal Pradesh Institute of Public | ||
Administration (HIPA) | 118 | |
Chapter VI: | Economy | 119 |
Introduction | 119 | |
Economic Profile | 119 | |
State Domestic Product | 120 | |
Receipt and Expenditure of the State Government, in crore rupees | 121 | |
Per Capita Income | 123 | |
Employment | 123 | |
Industrial Policy | 124 | |
Industrial Growth | 126 | |
Aqua Culture | 127 | |
Sericulture | 128 | |
Handloom and Handicrafts | 128 | |
Minerals | 129 | |
Mining | 130 | |
Money and Banking | 131 | |
Priority Sector Credit | 131 | |
Micro Finance | 132 | |
NABARD | 132 | |
Rural Infrastructure | 132 | |
Rural Non - Farm Sector | 133 | |
Urban Development | 133 | |
Chapter VII: | State Budget | 138 |
What is Budget ? | 138 | |
What is included in the Budget ? | 138 | |
Chapter VIII: | Information Technology and Biotechnology | 145 |
Computerisation; e - governance projects | 146 | |
Biotechnology | 147 | |
Chapter IX: | Hydroelectric Potential | 149 |
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board | 151 | |
Projects with the Central Private Sector Units (CPSUs) | 151 | |
Projects in Private Sector | 151 | |
Main Projects in the State | 151 | |
HIMURJA | 153 | |
Chapter X | 157 | |
Education | 157 | |
Education Indicators | 157 | |
Educational Institutions | 158 | |
Scholarship Schemes and Incentives to the Children | 163 | |
Technical Education | 164 | |
Chapter XI | 166 | |
Health | 166 | |
National Rural Health Mission | 167 | |
Health Policy | 168 | |
Specialised Medical Care and Medical Colleges | 169 | |
Main Programmes of Health Department | 170 | |
Chapter XII: | Rural Development | 174 |
Panchayati Raj | 175 | |
Rural Poverty in Himachal | 176 | |
Special Schemes and Programmes for Rural Development | 178 | |
Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) | 178 | |
Schemes for Social Welfare | 181 | |
Schemes for Child Welfare | 182 | |
Schemes of Women Welfare | 183 | |
Welfare Schemes for the Handicapped | 183 | |
Public Distribution System | 184 | |
Price Control | 185 | |
Chapter XIII | 187 | |
Agriculture | 187 | |
Hill agriculture | 187 | |
Climate Zones in Himachal | 187 | |
Main Crops | 188 | |
Irrigation | 189 | |
Animal Husbandry | 189 | |
Fisheries and Aquaculture | 190 | |
Mushroom Cultivation | 191 | |
Kangra Tea | 192 | |
Functions of Agriculture Department | 192 | |
Seed Development and Multiplication | 193 | |
Soil Testing | 193 | |
Crop Protection | 194 | |
Seed Potato Development | 194 | |
Vegetable Development | 194 | |
Ginger Development | 194 | |
Agricultural Marketing | 194 | |
Farmers' Training and Education | 195 | |
Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana | 195 | |
Centrally Sponsored Schemes | 195 | |
Integrated Scheme of Oilseed, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize (ISOPOM) |
195 | |
Biogas Development Programmes | 195 | |
Work Plan for Accelerated Growth of Agriculture | 196 | |
Incentives to Farmers | 196 | |
Seed Certification Programmes | 196 | |
Women in Agriculture Programmes | 197 | |
National Agriculture Technology Project | 197 | |
Chapter XIV | 202 | |
Horticulture | 202 | |
Horticulture in the hills | 202 | |
Role of Horticulture | 203 | |
Apple economy | 205 | |
Horticulture Technology Mission | 206 | |
Chapter XV | 207 | |
Tourism | 207 | |
The early explorers | 208 | |
Hill stations | 210 | |
Tourism potential | 210 | |
Adventure Activities | 211 | |
Pilgrimage Tourism | 214 | |
Profile of Tourism visiting the state | 215 | |
Tourism Policy of Himachal | 216 | |
Chapter XVI: | Communication | 219 |
Roads | 219 | |
National Highways | 220 | |
Himachal Road Transport Corporation | 223 | |
Railway | 224 | |
Kalka-Shimla Railway | 224 | |
Bhalkoo and Shimla Railways | 225 | |
Pathankot-Jogindernagar Railway Line | 226 | |
Ambala-Una-Talwara Railway Line | 226 | |
Chandigarh-Baddi Railway Line | 226 | |
Air | 226 | |
Telecommunication | 227 | |
Internet Users | 227 | |
BSNL's Vision 2007 | 227 | |
Postal Department | 228 | |
Newspapers and Periodicals | 228 | |
Ancient trade routes to Tibet | 228 | |
Mountain Passes to Tibet | 230 | |
Chapter XVII: | Districts | 231 |
Shimla | 231 | |
Fact File | 231 | |
History | 232 | |
Geography | 233 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 233 | |
Sirmour | 235 | |
Fact File | 235 | |
History | 236 | |
Geography | 237 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 238 | |
Solan | 238 | |
Fact File | 238 | |
History | 239 | |
Geography | 239 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 239 | |
Mandi | 240 | |
Fact File | 240 | |
History | 241 | |
Geography | 243 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 244 | |
Shivratri | 244 | |
Kullu | 245 | |
Fact File | 245 | |
History | 246 | |
Geography | 247 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 248 | |
Sainj Fair | 249 | |
Kangra | 249 | |
Fact File | 249 | |
History | 251 | |
Geography | 252 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 253 | |
Bilaspur | 253 | |
Fact File | 253 | |
History | 254 | |
Geography | 254 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 255 | |
Hamirpur | 256 | |
Fact File | 256 | |
History | 256 | |
Geography | 257 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 257 | |
Chamba | 258 | |
Fact File | 258 | |
History | 259 | |
Geography | 260 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 261 | |
Kinnaur | 262 | |
Fact File | 262 | |
History | 264 | |
Geography | 264 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 264 | |
Lahaul-Spiti | 265 | |
Fact File | 265 | |
History | 266 | |
Lahaul | 266 | |
Spiti | 267 | |
Geography | 268 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 269 | |
Una | 269 | |
Fact File | 269 | |
History | 270 | |
Geography | 271 | |
Fairs and Festivals | 271 | |
Chapter XVIII: | Hazard Profile of Himachal | 272 |
Earthquakes | 272 | |
Chapter XIX: | Select Bibliography | 276 |
Art, Dance | 276 | |
Census | 276 | |
Gazetteer | 277 | |
General | 278 | |
Painting | 278 | |
Travel, Trekking | 278 | |
History and Culture | 279 | |
Language, Customs | 280 | |
Appendices | 281 |