About the Book:
Nepal attracts people as a land of natural beauty, its hills and valleys, high snow capped peaks and its living temples and images sculptured on stones and woods with a high degree of artistic excellence displayed in the most inimitable style and existing since early centuries of the era. It is a country where lies the tallest mountains peak of the world and where lies the land where the great Buddha was born. It is a land of hoary antiquity and glorious past.
In the present volume the main task is to bring out in detail the epigraphic sources of the ancient period and we have tried to collect as many inscriptions as could be available to us in the present work. The volume in hand includes even those materials which have been traced up to date. Their number has gone to more than 170.
Actually speaking the inscriptions are the only source materials for the writing of the history of Nepal which is fascinating. Engraved on slabs of stones or pillars or pedestals of images or terracottas in late Brahmi script through Sanskrit medium they throw a flood of light on the cultural, political and economic aspects of life in ancient Nepal so that a complete history can be constructed on sure and secure foundation.
If epigraphy alone has come to our aid in history writing we should say that it is more true of Nepal of the ancient time. But that does not mean that we can ignore extant Indian, Chinese and Tibetan sources. Nor we can underrate the utility of Indian Smrti texts which provide a lot of information on subjects of socio-economic importance. However, the information is much limited and we are unable to give a total and complete structure of the situation.
A thorough scrutiny of the lines inscribed is made to give the records a correct reading as far as possible. Errors of reading so far made have been checked and corrected and corrections have continued till the lat so that the matter presented comes precisely in the right shape as far as possible. The value of the collection is enhanced because of the photographs of all the inscriptions through which the scholars can read for themselves the exact version of the text inscriptions and judge for themselves if my reading could be accepted as correct.
We have also the English translation of all the texts of inscriptions and it will surely help all those people who are not conversant with all Sanskrit to have thorough understanding of the contents of the texts incorporated in the volume. The notes which are separately published will enable the readers to understand and grasp the real purpose of all these expressions which might appear hard to follow in view of the context peculiar to the country they belong to. This is also the first time an English translation of the Inscription of Ancient Nepal has appeared.
There are many words which only a scholar of Nepalese history can understand and no one interested in Nepal can afford to miss them. The special notes the compiler has added to the work will be of immense utility to such people.
The work is chronologically documented, comprehensive in scope and illuminating as regards the meaning of the content and the picture emerging. This is the latest attempt at compiling and editing of inscriptional source materials of the history of a small but beautiful and proud country.
The book is divided into 4 parts: (1) Text of the inscriptions in the Devanagari scrip, (2) English translation, (3) Special notes regarding words and phrases of historical, social, political, cultural and economic importance. And (4) Photographs of all the inscriptions. There will be one more volume exclusively devoted to socio-economic conditions of ancient Nepal under a different designation.
This will be a really valuable addition to the growing volume of literature on subjects concerning Nepal.
About the Author:
The Author Dr. D. R. Ragmi (67) who holds high research degrees like M. Litt., Ph.D., D. Litt. from Indian universities and honorary D. Sc. from the Tashkent University (U.S.S.R.) is the proper authority to produce a book of this kind as he has already to his credit similar two volumes, both corpus of inscriptions, for the entire medieval period (1880-1768), which are received in the scholarly world with high appreciation.
Dr. Regmi is a prolific writer having already produced 6 monumental volumes on the history and culture of Nepal, which have brought him eminence in the field of research.
Besides being a scholar of distinction Dr. Regmi is also a politician of standing and for a long time served his country, firstly, as political sufferer and secondly, in the capacity of Foreign (1954-55) and Home Minister (1955-59). He actively participated in anti-feudal and anti-British struggles since his student days, went to prison for his revolutionary activities and lived an exile's life in India for a decade. Today, he is half in politics and half in scholarship. He cannot renounce politics as he has suffered so much on this account. He could not be obviously out of scholarship because it is so much deeply rooted in his genius as he developed an indigenous taste for it since his school days.
He is a rare combination of vast erudition and life-long dedicated service to his country.
Dr. Regmi has attended several international and regional conferences. He also served as Visiting Professor to some universities in India and abroad.
He is currently engaged in a multiple project writing the third and fourth volumes of 'Modern Nepal, 1814-1980' as well as 'A Historical Survey of Nepalese Art and Architecture'.
Preface | v | |
System of Transliteration | xxi | |
General Abbreviations | xxiii | |
I | The Changu Pillar Inscription | 1-6 |
II | Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription of Naravarmma | 6 |
III | Lazimpat Trivikrama Image Pedestal Inscription | 7 |
IV | Tilaganga Image Inscription | 7-8 |
V | Ksema Sundari's Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription | 8 |
VI | Manadeva's Sivalinga Inscription near Budhanilakantha | 9 |
VII | Tundaldevi one line Inscription | 9 |
VIII |
Sivalinga Inscription in the Pasupati area near the Daksinamurti temple |
10 |
IX | Another Pasupati Sivalinga Inscription | 10-11 |
X | Tebahal Inscription | 11-12 |
XI | Trident Base Inscription of Jayalambha | 12-13 |
XII | Chabahil stele | 13-14 |
XIII | Gunavati's Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription | 14 |
XIV | Palanchok Stele | 14-15 |
XV | Inscription of Keltol (Kathmandu) | 15 |
XVI | The Swayambhunatha Inscription | 15-17 |
XVII | Effigy base Inscription of Changu | 17 |
XVIII | Suryaghat Sivalinga Inscription | 18 |
XIX | Inscription on the platform of Chandesvara | 19 |
XX | Adinarayana (Thankot) Inscription | 19-20 |
XXI | Tistung Stele | 21 |
XXII | Bahalukha, Trilingesvara Inscription | 21-22 |
XXIII | Jaisideval (Kathmandu) Stele | 22-24 |
XXIV | Sitapaila stone Inscription | 24 |
XXV | Kisipidi Inscription of S. 449 | 25 |
XXVI | Khapinche (Patan) Inscription | 25-26 |
XXVII | Satyanarayana (Harigaon, Kathmandu) Inscription | 26-30 |
XXVIII | The Aryaghat Mandala Inscription | 30 |
XXIX | Chowkitar (Kathmandu district) Inscription | 30-31 |
XXX | Bhasmesvara area Sivalinga Inscription | 32 |
XXXI | Narke Mahadeva Sivalinga Inscription | 32 |
XXXII | Sankhu (Kathmandu district) Inscription | 33 |
XXXIII | Abhiri Gomini's Sivalinga Inscription at Pasupati | 33-34 |
XXXIV |
Sivalinga Inscription across Aryaghat bridge in the Pasupati area |
34 |
XXXV |
Lagantol (Kathmandu) Avalokitesvara Image base Inscription |
34-35 |
XXXVI | Bharavi's stele of Harigaon (Kathmandu district) | 35 |
XXXVII | Pharping, Kochhntol Stele | 35-36 |
XXXVIII | Chowkitar Stele II | 36-37 |
XXXIX | Luku Mahadeva Slab in Balambu | 38 |
XL | Hitiga stone of Balambu | 39 |
XLI | Kisipidi stone of S. 482 | 39-40 |
XLII | Kulachchentol Inscription of Kisipidi | 40-41 |
XLIII | Deonani quarter Inscription of Satungal | 41-42 |
XLIV | Inscription of Sheraphant (Noakot) Valley | 42-43 |
XLV |
Harihara Image Pedestal Inscription of the Pasupati area |
43-44 |
XLVI | Tchapaligaon Stele | 44-45 |
XLVII | Mangal Bazar (Patan) Water conduct Inscription | 45-46 |
XLVIII | Inscription of Sikubahi (Patan) near Sankhamul | 46-47 |
XLIX | Visnupaduka Hill stele near Budhanilakantha | 47-48 |
L | Inscription of Chapagaon | 48-49 |
LI | Chyasaltol (Patan) Stele | 49-50 |
LII | Kumhaletol (Bhadgaon) Stele | 50-51 |
LIII | A stele in front of the Changu Temple door (west) | 51-52 |
LIV | Bhimsen Temple (Patan) Inscription | 53-54 |
LV | Banepa Stele | 54-55 |
LVI | Golmadhitol (Bhadgaon) | 55-56 |
LVII | Tulachhentol (Bhadgaon) | 56-57 |
LVIII | Dharamthali Stele | 58 |
LIX | Budhanilakantha Stele | 59 |
LX | Inscription of Satungal | 60-61 |
LXI | Inscription of Tokha | 61-62 |
LXII | Inscription of Dharampur | 63-64 |
LXIII | Inscription Khopasi | 64-65 |
LXIV | Inscription Dhapasi | 65-66 |
LXV | Inscription of Lele | 66-67 |
LXVI | Lagantol-Jaisideval Inscription | 67-69 |
LXVII | Nabahil (Patan) Inscription | 67-69 |
LXVIII | Bungmati Inscription | 70-71 |
LXIX | Harigaon Inscription (I) of Amsuvarma | 71-72 |
LXX | Inscription of Bhatuwal | 73-74 |
LXXI | Tistung Stele II | 74-75 |
LXXII | Inscription of Inayatol, Bhadgaon | 75 |
LXXIII |
Changu Narayana Image Kavacha (coat of arms) Inscription |
75-76 |
LXXIV |
Amsuvarma's Harigaon (Kathmandu) Inscription II |
76-77 |
LXXV | Sanga Inscription | 77-78 |
LXXVI | Sundhara (Patan) stele | 78-79 |
LXXVII | Taukhel stele | 79-80 |
LXXVIII | Otutol (Kathmandu) Inscription | 80-81 |
LXXIX | Gairidhara (Kathmandu) Inscription | 81-82 |
LXXX |
A Stele at the cross road near Western gate of Pasupati Temple precincts |
82-83 |
LXXXI | Inscription of Kisipidi | 83-84 |
LXXXII | Bankali Image Pedestal Inscription | 84 |
LXXXIII | Fragment of a stele in Pharping | 84-85 |
LXXXIV | Another Fragment of a stele in Pharping | 85 |
LXXXV | Degutale Platform slab (Darbar Square, Kathmandu) | 85 |
LXXXVI | Inscription of Gokarna area across the river Bagmagi | 85-86 |
LXXXVII | Inscription of Dumja | 86 |
LXXXVIII | Ancient Water Tank Inscription | 87 |
LXXXIX | Harigaon Brich Inscription | 87 |
XC |
Chapatol Ilananhi (Patan) Buddha Image Pedestal Inscription |
88 |
XCI |
Inscription on a Chaitya in a courtyard near Guita bahi by the side of the Main Road |
89 |
XCII | Bhimsen Temple Stele | 89-90 |
XCIII | Inscription of Bhogyananhi tol (patan) | 90 |
XCIV | Thimi Inscription I | 91 |
XCV | Naksal (Kathmandu) Visnu Image Pedestal Inscription | 91-92 |
XCVI | Chitlang Stele of Udayadeva | 92-93 |
XCVII | Tavajhya (Chhinnamastika) Inscription | 93-94 |
XCVIII | Malitar Inscription | 95 |
XCIX | Bhairavadhoka Stele near a wall | 95-96 |
C | Adesvara Sivalinga Inscription | 97-98 |
CI | Kevalpur Inscription | 98-99 |
CII | Balambu Dhakasitol Inscription | 99-100 |
CIII | Yangahiti (Kathmandu) Inscription | 100-101 |
CIV | Chandesvara Pillar Inscription | 101-102 |
CV | Chandesvara Pedestal Inscription | 102-103 |
CVI | Thankot Inscription | 103-104 |
CVII | Maligaon Inscription | 105-106 |
CVIII |
Yangahiti Inscription of Bhimarajanadeva and Visnugupta |
106-108 |
CIX | Bhrngaresvara Temple Inscription | 108-109 |
CX | Changu Temple Slab of Stone | 109-110 |
CXI | Tebahal wall slab | 110 |
CXII | A seat at Dhumvarahi | 111 |
CXIII | Another Seal at Dhumvarahi | 111 |
CXIV | Chobar Inscription | 111-112 |
CXV | Yampibahi water conduit Inscription | 112 |
CXVI |
A slab in a courtyard called Lunjhya in the Royal Palace at Patan |
112-114 |
CXVII | Yangahiti Inscription of Narendradeva | 114-116 |
CXVIII | Deopatan Inscription | 116 |
CXIX | Kasaintol (Deopatan) Inscription | 117-118 |
CXX | Naksal Road water conduit Inscription | 118-119 |
CXXI | Gairidhara Inscription (Patan) | 119-120 |
CXXII | Inscription of Anantalingesvara area | 121-122 |
CXXIII | Bhairavanath temple stone (Bhadgaon) | 122-123 |
CXXIV | Vatuku Bhairava (Patan) Temple stone | 123 |
CXXV | Balambu Vihara stone | 124 |
CXXVI | Chyasaltol (Patan) Slab of stone | 124-125 |
CXXVII | Yanamugal or Yangavahi stone | 126-128 |
CXXVIII | Vajraghar slab of stone | 128-130 |
CXXIX | Sankhu slab of stone | 130-131 |
CXXX | Chikandeo pedestal Inscription | 131 |
CXXXI | Nala water conduit Inscription | 131-132 |
CXXXII | Lagantol Inscription (lost) | 132-133 |
CXXXIII | Sonagothi or Bhringaresvara slab of stone | 133-134 |
CXXXIV | Inscription of Gorkha | 135-136 |
CXXXV | Thimi Inscription (II) | 136-137 |
CXXXVI | Balambu Inscription of Sivadeva | 137-140 |
CXXXVII | Narayanachaur, Naksal | 140 |
CXXXVIII | Inscription of Musumbahal | 141 |
CXXXIX | Chyasaltol (Patan) | 141-142 |
CXL | Minanath Water conduit | 142-144 |
CXLI | Jaisideval Water conduit | 144 |
CXLII | Pasupati Stele of Jayadeva II | 144-148 |
CXLIII | Naksal Narayanachaur (II) | 148-155 |
CXLIV | Inscription of Jnanesvara | 155-156 |
CXLV | Tangahiti | 156-157 |
CXLVI | Kumbhesvara | 157 |
CXLVII |
Varahi Image in the Mahabauddhatol in Kathmandu |
157-158 |
CXLVIII | Patan Adalat (Court of Justice) Water Conduit | 158 |
CXLIX | Inscription of Bungmati | 159 |
CL | Ganabahal (Kathmandu) | 159 |
CLI | Dhvakabaha Image | 159 |
CLII | Unknown Site, Patan | 159 |
CLIII | Bhogvananhitol | 160 |
CLIV | Unknown site (Patan) | 160 |
CLV | Tanabaha (Makhantol, Kathmandu) | 160 |
CLVI | Lokesvara Pedestal in Yangubahi | 161 |
CLVII | Subahal Stone | 161 |
CLVIII | Royal Palace (Kathmandu), Nasalchok | 161 |
CLIX | Lubhu-Motitar | 162 |
CLX | Changu Gate Stone | 162 |
CLXI | Sahottaratantra Colophon | 162-163 |
CLXII | Bhuvanesvara (Pasupati) | 163 |
CLXIII | A small slab, Pasupati area | 163 |
CLXIV | Palanchok | 164 |
Appendix I Lumbini Pillar Inscription of Asoka | 165 | |
Appendix II Asoka's Niglihava Pillar Inscription | 165-166 | |
Appendix III Musumbahal | 166 | |
Appendix IV Sitapaila Rock | 166 | |
Bibliography | 167 | |
Index | 169 | |
Corrigenda and Addenda | 187 |
Preface | v | |
System of Transliteration | xxi | |
General Abbreviations | xxiii | |
I | The Changu Pillar Inscription | 1-4 |
II | Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription of Naravarmma | 4 |
III | Lazimpat Trivikrama Image Pedestal Inscription | 4 |
IV | Tilaganga Image Inscription | 5-6 |
V | Ksema Sundari's Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription | 6 |
VI | Manadeva's Sivalinga Inscription near Budhanilakantha | 6 |
VII | Tundaldevi one line Inscription | 6 |
VIII |
Sivalinga Inscription in the Pasupati area near the Daksinamurti temple |
6-7 |
IX | Another Pasupati Sivalinga Inscription | 7 |
X | Tebahal Inscription | 7-8 |
XI | Trident Base Inscription of Jayalambha | 8 |
XII | Chabahil stele | 8 |
XIII | Gunavati's Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription | 9 |
XIV | Palanchok Stele | 9 |
XV | Inscription of Keltol (Kathmandu) | 9 |
XVI | The Swayambhunatha Inscription | 9-10 |
XVII | Effigy base Inscription of Changu | 10 |
XVIII | Suryaghat Sivalinga Inscription | 10-11 |
XIX | Inscription on the platform of Chandesvara | 11-12 |
XX | Adinarayana (Thankot) Inscription | 12-13 |
XXI | Tistung Stele | 13-14 |
XXII | Bahalukha, Trilingesvara Inscription | 14 |
XXIII | Jaisideval (Kathmandu) Stele | 14 |
XXIV | Sitapaila stone Inscription | 15 |
XXV | Kisipidi Inscription of S. 449 | 15 |
XXVI | Khapinche (Patan) Inscription | 15-16 |
XXVII | Satyanarayana (Harigaon, Kathmandu) Inscription | 16-20 |
XXVIII | The Aryaghat Mandala Inscription | 20 |
XXIX | Chowkitar (Kathmandu district) Inscription | 20-21 |
XXX | Bhasmesvara area Sivalinga Inscription | 21 |
XXXI | Narke Mahadeva Sivalinga Inscription | 21-22 |
XXXII | Sankhu (Kathmandu district) Inscription | 22 |
XXXIII | Abhiri Gomini's Sivalinga Inscription at Pasupati | 23 |
XXXIV |
Sivalinga Inscription across Aryaghat bridge in the Pasupati area |
23 |
XXXV |
Lagantol (Kathmandu) Avalokitesvara Image base Inscription |
23 |
XXXVI | Bharavi's stele of Harigaon (Kathmandu district) | 23 |
XXXVII | Pharping, Kochhntol Stele | 24 |
XXXVIII | Chowkitar Stele II | 24 |
XXXIX | Luku Mahadeva Slab in Balambu | 25 |
XL | Hitiga stone of Balambu | 25 |
XLI | Kisipidi stone of S. 482 | 25 |
XLII | Kulachchentol Inscription of Kisipidi | 25 |
XLIII | Deonani quarter Inscription of Satungal | 25 |
XLIV | Inscription of Sheraphant (Noakot) Valley | 25 |
XLV |
Harihara Image Pedestal Inscription of the Pasupati area |
25-26 |
XLVI | Tchapaligaon Stele | 26-27 |
XLVII | Mangal Bazar (Patan) Water conduct Inscription | 27 |
XLVIII | Inscription of Sikubahi (Patan) near Sankhamul | 27-28 |
XLIX | Visnupaduka Hill stele near Budhanilakantha | 28 |
L | Inscription of Chapagaon | 29 |
LI | Chyasaltol (Patan) Stele | 29 |
LII | Kumhaletol (Bhadgaon) Stele | 30 |
LIII | A stele in front of the Changu Temple door (west) | 30-31 |
LIV | Bhimsen Temple (Patan) Inscription | 31-32 |
LV | Banepa Stele | 32-33 |
LVI | Golmadhitol (Bhadgaon) | 33 |
LVII | Tulachhentol (Bhadgaon) | 33-34 |
LVIII | Dharamthali Stele | 34-35 |
LIX | Budhanilakantha Stele | 35-36 |
LX | Inscription of Satungal | 36-37 |
LXI | Inscription of Tokha | 37 |
LXII | Inscription of Dharampur | 37-38 |
LXIII | Inscription Khopasi | 38-39 |
LXIV | Inscription Dhapasi | 39 |
LXV | Inscription of Lele | 40-41 |
LXVI | Lagantol-Jaisideval Inscription | 41-42 |
LXVII | Nabahil (Patan) Inscription | 42 |
LXVIII | Bungmati Inscription | 43 |
LXIX | Harigaon Inscription (I) of Amsuvarma | 43-44 |
LXX | Inscription of Bhatuwal | 44-45 |
LXXI | Tistung Stele II | 45 |
LXXII | Inscription of Inayatol, Bhadgaon | 46 |
LXXIII |
Changu Narayana Image Kavacha (coat of arms) Inscription |
46 |
LXXIV |
Amsuvarma's Harigaon (Kathmandu) Inscription II |
46-47 |
LXXV | Sanga Inscription | 47-48 |
LXXVI | Sundhara (Patan) stele | 48-49 |
LXXVII | Taukhel stele | 49 |
LXXVIII | Otutol (Kathmandu) Inscription | 49-50 |
LXXIX | Gairidhara (Kathmandu) Inscription | 50 |
LXXX |
A Stele at the cross road near Western gate of Pasupati Temple precincts |
50-51 |
LXXXI | Inscription of Kisipidi | 51 |
LXXXII | Bankali Image Pedestal Inscription | 51-52 |
LXXXIII | Fragment of a stele in Pharping | 52 |
LXXXIV | Another Fragment of a stele in Pharping | 52 |
LXXXV | Degutale Platform slab (Darbar Square, Kathmandu) | 53 |
LXXXVI | Inscription of Gokarna area across the river Bagmagi | 53 |
LXXXVII | Inscription of Dumja | 53 |
LXXXVIII | Ancient Water Tank Inscription | 53 |
LXXXIX | Harigaon Brich Inscription | 54 |
XC |
Chapatol Ilananhi (Patan) Buddha Image Pedestal Inscription |
54 |
XCI |
Inscription on a Chaitya in a courtyard near Guita bahi by the side of the Main Road |
54-55 |
XCII | Bhimsen Temple Stele | 55 |
XCIII | Inscription of Bhogyananhi tol (patan) | 55 |
XCIV | Thimi Inscription I | 55 |
XCV | Naksal (Kathmandu) Visnu Image Pedestal Inscription | 55-56 |
XCVI | Chitlang Stele of Udayadeva | 56 |
XCVII | Tavajhya (Chhinnamastika) Inscription | 56-57 |
XCVIII | Malitar Inscription | 57-58 |
XCIX | Bhairavadhoka Stele near a wall | 58-59 |
C | Adesvara Sivalinga Inscription | 60 |
CI | Kevalpur Inscription | 60 |
CII | Balambu Dhakasitol Inscription | 60-61 |
CIII | Yangahiti (Kathmandu) Inscription | 61-62 |
CIV | Chandesvara Pillar Inscription | 62-63 |
CV | Chandesvara Pedestal Inscription | 63 |
CVI | Thankot Inscription | 63-64 |
CVII | Maligaon Inscription | 64-65 |
CVIII |
Yangahiti Inscription of Bhimarajanadeva and Visnugupta |
65-66 |
CIX | Bhrngaresvara Temple Inscription | 66-67 |
CX | Changu Temple Slab of Stone | 67-68 |
CXI | Tebahal wall slab | 68 |
CXII | A seat at Dhumvarahi | 68 |
CXIII | Another Seal at Dhumvarahi | 68 |
CXIV | Chobar Inscription | 69 |
CXV | Yampibahi water conduit Inscription | 69 |
CXVI |
A slab in a courtyard called Lunjhya in the Royal Palace at Patan |
69-70 |
CXVII | Yangahiti Inscription of Narendradeva | 70-71 |
CXVIII | Deopatan Inscription | 71-72 |
CXIX | Kasaintol (Deopatan) Inscription | 72-73 |
CXX | Naksal Road water conduit Inscription | 73 |
CXXI | Gairidhara Inscription (Patan) | 74 |
CXXII | Inscription of Anantalingesvara area | 75-76 |
CXXIII | Bhairavanath temple stone (Bhadgaon) | 76 |
CXXIV | Vatuku Bhairava (Patan) Temple stone | 76-77 |
CXXV | Balambu Vihara stone | 77 |
CXXVI | Chyasaltol (Patan) Slab of stone | 77-78 |
CXXVII | Yanamugal or Yangavahi stone | 78-80 |
CXXVIII | Vajraghar slab of stone | 80-81 |
CXXIX | Sankhu slab of stone | 81 |
CXXX | Chikandeo pedestal Inscription | 82 |
CXXXI | Nala water conduit Inscription | 82 |
CXXXII | Lagantol Inscription (lost) | 82-83 |
CXXXIII | Sonagothi or Bhringaresvara slab of stone | 83-84 |
CXXXIV | Inscription of Gorkha | 84-85 |
CXXXV | Thimi Inscription (II) | 85-86 |
CXXXVI | Balambu Inscription of Sivadeva | 86-87 |
CXXXVII | Narayanachaur, Naksal | 88 |
CXXXVIII | Inscription of Musumbahal | 88 |
CXXXIX | Chyasaltol (Patan) | 88-89 |
CXL | Minanath Water conduit | 89-90 |
CXLI | Jaisideval Water conduit | 90 |
CXLII | Pasupati Stele of Jayadeva II | 90-96 |
CXLIII | Naksal Narayanachaur (II) | 99-100 |
CXLIV | Inscription of Jnanesvara | 100 |
CXLV | Tangahiti | 100 |
CXLVI | Kumbhesvara | 101 |
CXLVII |
Varahi Image in the Mahabauddhatol in Kathmandu |
101 |
CXLVIII | Patan Adalat (Court of Justice) Water Conduit | 101 |
CXLIX | Inscription of Bungmati | 101 |
CL | Ganabahal (Kathmandu) | 102 |
CLI | Dhvakabaha Image | 102 |
CLII | Unknown Site, Patan | 102 |
CLIII | Bhogvananhitol | 102 |
CLIV | Unknown site (Patan) | 102 |
CLV | Tanabaha (Makhantol, Kathmandu) | 102-103 |
CLVI | Lokesvara Pedestal in Yangubahi | 103 |
CLVII | Subahal Stone | 103 |
CLVIII | Royal Palace (Kathmandu), Nasalchok | 103 |
CLIX | Lubhu-Motitar | 103 |
CLX | Changu Gate Stone | 103-104 |
CLXI | Sahottaratantra Colophon | 104 |
Appendices | 105 | |
Bibliography | 109 | |
Index | 111 |
Preface | v |
System of Transliteration | xiii |
General Abbreviations | xv |
Introduction | 1 |
Part I-Manadeva I to Sivadeva I | 9 |
Part II-The Age of Amsuvarma: Most Prominent Ruler | 127 |
Part III-Lichchhavi Udayadeva's Short-lived Reign | 165 |
Part IV-Powerful Regents and Puppet Kings | 169 |
Part V-Restoration of the Lichchhavis to Power: Narendradeva to Jayadeva | 201 |
Part VI-Miscellaneous Aspects of Socio-Economic Conditions and the Eras | 253 |
Appendices V-IX | 273 |
Bibliography | 275 |
Addenda | 276 |
Index | 277 |
About the Book:
Nepal attracts people as a land of natural beauty, its hills and valleys, high snow capped peaks and its living temples and images sculptured on stones and woods with a high degree of artistic excellence displayed in the most inimitable style and existing since early centuries of the era. It is a country where lies the tallest mountains peak of the world and where lies the land where the great Buddha was born. It is a land of hoary antiquity and glorious past.
In the present volume the main task is to bring out in detail the epigraphic sources of the ancient period and we have tried to collect as many inscriptions as could be available to us in the present work. The volume in hand includes even those materials which have been traced up to date. Their number has gone to more than 170.
Actually speaking the inscriptions are the only source materials for the writing of the history of Nepal which is fascinating. Engraved on slabs of stones or pillars or pedestals of images or terracottas in late Brahmi script through Sanskrit medium they throw a flood of light on the cultural, political and economic aspects of life in ancient Nepal so that a complete history can be constructed on sure and secure foundation.
If epigraphy alone has come to our aid in history writing we should say that it is more true of Nepal of the ancient time. But that does not mean that we can ignore extant Indian, Chinese and Tibetan sources. Nor we can underrate the utility of Indian Smrti texts which provide a lot of information on subjects of socio-economic importance. However, the information is much limited and we are unable to give a total and complete structure of the situation.
A thorough scrutiny of the lines inscribed is made to give the records a correct reading as far as possible. Errors of reading so far made have been checked and corrected and corrections have continued till the lat so that the matter presented comes precisely in the right shape as far as possible. The value of the collection is enhanced because of the photographs of all the inscriptions through which the scholars can read for themselves the exact version of the text inscriptions and judge for themselves if my reading could be accepted as correct.
We have also the English translation of all the texts of inscriptions and it will surely help all those people who are not conversant with all Sanskrit to have thorough understanding of the contents of the texts incorporated in the volume. The notes which are separately published will enable the readers to understand and grasp the real purpose of all these expressions which might appear hard to follow in view of the context peculiar to the country they belong to. This is also the first time an English translation of the Inscription of Ancient Nepal has appeared.
There are many words which only a scholar of Nepalese history can understand and no one interested in Nepal can afford to miss them. The special notes the compiler has added to the work will be of immense utility to such people.
The work is chronologically documented, comprehensive in scope and illuminating as regards the meaning of the content and the picture emerging. This is the latest attempt at compiling and editing of inscriptional source materials of the history of a small but beautiful and proud country.
The book is divided into 4 parts: (1) Text of the inscriptions in the Devanagari scrip, (2) English translation, (3) Special notes regarding words and phrases of historical, social, political, cultural and economic importance. And (4) Photographs of all the inscriptions. There will be one more volume exclusively devoted to socio-economic conditions of ancient Nepal under a different designation.
This will be a really valuable addition to the growing volume of literature on subjects concerning Nepal.
About the Author:
The Author Dr. D. R. Ragmi (67) who holds high research degrees like M. Litt., Ph.D., D. Litt. from Indian universities and honorary D. Sc. from the Tashkent University (U.S.S.R.) is the proper authority to produce a book of this kind as he has already to his credit similar two volumes, both corpus of inscriptions, for the entire medieval period (1880-1768), which are received in the scholarly world with high appreciation.
Dr. Regmi is a prolific writer having already produced 6 monumental volumes on the history and culture of Nepal, which have brought him eminence in the field of research.
Besides being a scholar of distinction Dr. Regmi is also a politician of standing and for a long time served his country, firstly, as political sufferer and secondly, in the capacity of Foreign (1954-55) and Home Minister (1955-59). He actively participated in anti-feudal and anti-British struggles since his student days, went to prison for his revolutionary activities and lived an exile's life in India for a decade. Today, he is half in politics and half in scholarship. He cannot renounce politics as he has suffered so much on this account. He could not be obviously out of scholarship because it is so much deeply rooted in his genius as he developed an indigenous taste for it since his school days.
He is a rare combination of vast erudition and life-long dedicated service to his country.
Dr. Regmi has attended several international and regional conferences. He also served as Visiting Professor to some universities in India and abroad.
He is currently engaged in a multiple project writing the third and fourth volumes of 'Modern Nepal, 1814-1980' as well as 'A Historical Survey of Nepalese Art and Architecture'.
Preface | v | |
System of Transliteration | xxi | |
General Abbreviations | xxiii | |
I | The Changu Pillar Inscription | 1-6 |
II | Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription of Naravarmma | 6 |
III | Lazimpat Trivikrama Image Pedestal Inscription | 7 |
IV | Tilaganga Image Inscription | 7-8 |
V | Ksema Sundari's Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription | 8 |
VI | Manadeva's Sivalinga Inscription near Budhanilakantha | 9 |
VII | Tundaldevi one line Inscription | 9 |
VIII |
Sivalinga Inscription in the Pasupati area near the Daksinamurti temple |
10 |
IX | Another Pasupati Sivalinga Inscription | 10-11 |
X | Tebahal Inscription | 11-12 |
XI | Trident Base Inscription of Jayalambha | 12-13 |
XII | Chabahil stele | 13-14 |
XIII | Gunavati's Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription | 14 |
XIV | Palanchok Stele | 14-15 |
XV | Inscription of Keltol (Kathmandu) | 15 |
XVI | The Swayambhunatha Inscription | 15-17 |
XVII | Effigy base Inscription of Changu | 17 |
XVIII | Suryaghat Sivalinga Inscription | 18 |
XIX | Inscription on the platform of Chandesvara | 19 |
XX | Adinarayana (Thankot) Inscription | 19-20 |
XXI | Tistung Stele | 21 |
XXII | Bahalukha, Trilingesvara Inscription | 21-22 |
XXIII | Jaisideval (Kathmandu) Stele | 22-24 |
XXIV | Sitapaila stone Inscription | 24 |
XXV | Kisipidi Inscription of S. 449 | 25 |
XXVI | Khapinche (Patan) Inscription | 25-26 |
XXVII | Satyanarayana (Harigaon, Kathmandu) Inscription | 26-30 |
XXVIII | The Aryaghat Mandala Inscription | 30 |
XXIX | Chowkitar (Kathmandu district) Inscription | 30-31 |
XXX | Bhasmesvara area Sivalinga Inscription | 32 |
XXXI | Narke Mahadeva Sivalinga Inscription | 32 |
XXXII | Sankhu (Kathmandu district) Inscription | 33 |
XXXIII | Abhiri Gomini's Sivalinga Inscription at Pasupati | 33-34 |
XXXIV |
Sivalinga Inscription across Aryaghat bridge in the Pasupati area |
34 |
XXXV |
Lagantol (Kathmandu) Avalokitesvara Image base Inscription |
34-35 |
XXXVI | Bharavi's stele of Harigaon (Kathmandu district) | 35 |
XXXVII | Pharping, Kochhntol Stele | 35-36 |
XXXVIII | Chowkitar Stele II | 36-37 |
XXXIX | Luku Mahadeva Slab in Balambu | 38 |
XL | Hitiga stone of Balambu | 39 |
XLI | Kisipidi stone of S. 482 | 39-40 |
XLII | Kulachchentol Inscription of Kisipidi | 40-41 |
XLIII | Deonani quarter Inscription of Satungal | 41-42 |
XLIV | Inscription of Sheraphant (Noakot) Valley | 42-43 |
XLV |
Harihara Image Pedestal Inscription of the Pasupati area |
43-44 |
XLVI | Tchapaligaon Stele | 44-45 |
XLVII | Mangal Bazar (Patan) Water conduct Inscription | 45-46 |
XLVIII | Inscription of Sikubahi (Patan) near Sankhamul | 46-47 |
XLIX | Visnupaduka Hill stele near Budhanilakantha | 47-48 |
L | Inscription of Chapagaon | 48-49 |
LI | Chyasaltol (Patan) Stele | 49-50 |
LII | Kumhaletol (Bhadgaon) Stele | 50-51 |
LIII | A stele in front of the Changu Temple door (west) | 51-52 |
LIV | Bhimsen Temple (Patan) Inscription | 53-54 |
LV | Banepa Stele | 54-55 |
LVI | Golmadhitol (Bhadgaon) | 55-56 |
LVII | Tulachhentol (Bhadgaon) | 56-57 |
LVIII | Dharamthali Stele | 58 |
LIX | Budhanilakantha Stele | 59 |
LX | Inscription of Satungal | 60-61 |
LXI | Inscription of Tokha | 61-62 |
LXII | Inscription of Dharampur | 63-64 |
LXIII | Inscription Khopasi | 64-65 |
LXIV | Inscription Dhapasi | 65-66 |
LXV | Inscription of Lele | 66-67 |
LXVI | Lagantol-Jaisideval Inscription | 67-69 |
LXVII | Nabahil (Patan) Inscription | 67-69 |
LXVIII | Bungmati Inscription | 70-71 |
LXIX | Harigaon Inscription (I) of Amsuvarma | 71-72 |
LXX | Inscription of Bhatuwal | 73-74 |
LXXI | Tistung Stele II | 74-75 |
LXXII | Inscription of Inayatol, Bhadgaon | 75 |
LXXIII |
Changu Narayana Image Kavacha (coat of arms) Inscription |
75-76 |
LXXIV |
Amsuvarma's Harigaon (Kathmandu) Inscription II |
76-77 |
LXXV | Sanga Inscription | 77-78 |
LXXVI | Sundhara (Patan) stele | 78-79 |
LXXVII | Taukhel stele | 79-80 |
LXXVIII | Otutol (Kathmandu) Inscription | 80-81 |
LXXIX | Gairidhara (Kathmandu) Inscription | 81-82 |
LXXX |
A Stele at the cross road near Western gate of Pasupati Temple precincts |
82-83 |
LXXXI | Inscription of Kisipidi | 83-84 |
LXXXII | Bankali Image Pedestal Inscription | 84 |
LXXXIII | Fragment of a stele in Pharping | 84-85 |
LXXXIV | Another Fragment of a stele in Pharping | 85 |
LXXXV | Degutale Platform slab (Darbar Square, Kathmandu) | 85 |
LXXXVI | Inscription of Gokarna area across the river Bagmagi | 85-86 |
LXXXVII | Inscription of Dumja | 86 |
LXXXVIII | Ancient Water Tank Inscription | 87 |
LXXXIX | Harigaon Brich Inscription | 87 |
XC |
Chapatol Ilananhi (Patan) Buddha Image Pedestal Inscription |
88 |
XCI |
Inscription on a Chaitya in a courtyard near Guita bahi by the side of the Main Road |
89 |
XCII | Bhimsen Temple Stele | 89-90 |
XCIII | Inscription of Bhogyananhi tol (patan) | 90 |
XCIV | Thimi Inscription I | 91 |
XCV | Naksal (Kathmandu) Visnu Image Pedestal Inscription | 91-92 |
XCVI | Chitlang Stele of Udayadeva | 92-93 |
XCVII | Tavajhya (Chhinnamastika) Inscription | 93-94 |
XCVIII | Malitar Inscription | 95 |
XCIX | Bhairavadhoka Stele near a wall | 95-96 |
C | Adesvara Sivalinga Inscription | 97-98 |
CI | Kevalpur Inscription | 98-99 |
CII | Balambu Dhakasitol Inscription | 99-100 |
CIII | Yangahiti (Kathmandu) Inscription | 100-101 |
CIV | Chandesvara Pillar Inscription | 101-102 |
CV | Chandesvara Pedestal Inscription | 102-103 |
CVI | Thankot Inscription | 103-104 |
CVII | Maligaon Inscription | 105-106 |
CVIII |
Yangahiti Inscription of Bhimarajanadeva and Visnugupta |
106-108 |
CIX | Bhrngaresvara Temple Inscription | 108-109 |
CX | Changu Temple Slab of Stone | 109-110 |
CXI | Tebahal wall slab | 110 |
CXII | A seat at Dhumvarahi | 111 |
CXIII | Another Seal at Dhumvarahi | 111 |
CXIV | Chobar Inscription | 111-112 |
CXV | Yampibahi water conduit Inscription | 112 |
CXVI |
A slab in a courtyard called Lunjhya in the Royal Palace at Patan |
112-114 |
CXVII | Yangahiti Inscription of Narendradeva | 114-116 |
CXVIII | Deopatan Inscription | 116 |
CXIX | Kasaintol (Deopatan) Inscription | 117-118 |
CXX | Naksal Road water conduit Inscription | 118-119 |
CXXI | Gairidhara Inscription (Patan) | 119-120 |
CXXII | Inscription of Anantalingesvara area | 121-122 |
CXXIII | Bhairavanath temple stone (Bhadgaon) | 122-123 |
CXXIV | Vatuku Bhairava (Patan) Temple stone | 123 |
CXXV | Balambu Vihara stone | 124 |
CXXVI | Chyasaltol (Patan) Slab of stone | 124-125 |
CXXVII | Yanamugal or Yangavahi stone | 126-128 |
CXXVIII | Vajraghar slab of stone | 128-130 |
CXXIX | Sankhu slab of stone | 130-131 |
CXXX | Chikandeo pedestal Inscription | 131 |
CXXXI | Nala water conduit Inscription | 131-132 |
CXXXII | Lagantol Inscription (lost) | 132-133 |
CXXXIII | Sonagothi or Bhringaresvara slab of stone | 133-134 |
CXXXIV | Inscription of Gorkha | 135-136 |
CXXXV | Thimi Inscription (II) | 136-137 |
CXXXVI | Balambu Inscription of Sivadeva | 137-140 |
CXXXVII | Narayanachaur, Naksal | 140 |
CXXXVIII | Inscription of Musumbahal | 141 |
CXXXIX | Chyasaltol (Patan) | 141-142 |
CXL | Minanath Water conduit | 142-144 |
CXLI | Jaisideval Water conduit | 144 |
CXLII | Pasupati Stele of Jayadeva II | 144-148 |
CXLIII | Naksal Narayanachaur (II) | 148-155 |
CXLIV | Inscription of Jnanesvara | 155-156 |
CXLV | Tangahiti | 156-157 |
CXLVI | Kumbhesvara | 157 |
CXLVII |
Varahi Image in the Mahabauddhatol in Kathmandu |
157-158 |
CXLVIII | Patan Adalat (Court of Justice) Water Conduit | 158 |
CXLIX | Inscription of Bungmati | 159 |
CL | Ganabahal (Kathmandu) | 159 |
CLI | Dhvakabaha Image | 159 |
CLII | Unknown Site, Patan | 159 |
CLIII | Bhogvananhitol | 160 |
CLIV | Unknown site (Patan) | 160 |
CLV | Tanabaha (Makhantol, Kathmandu) | 160 |
CLVI | Lokesvara Pedestal in Yangubahi | 161 |
CLVII | Subahal Stone | 161 |
CLVIII | Royal Palace (Kathmandu), Nasalchok | 161 |
CLIX | Lubhu-Motitar | 162 |
CLX | Changu Gate Stone | 162 |
CLXI | Sahottaratantra Colophon | 162-163 |
CLXII | Bhuvanesvara (Pasupati) | 163 |
CLXIII | A small slab, Pasupati area | 163 |
CLXIV | Palanchok | 164 |
Appendix I Lumbini Pillar Inscription of Asoka | 165 | |
Appendix II Asoka's Niglihava Pillar Inscription | 165-166 | |
Appendix III Musumbahal | 166 | |
Appendix IV Sitapaila Rock | 166 | |
Bibliography | 167 | |
Index | 169 | |
Corrigenda and Addenda | 187 |
Preface | v | |
System of Transliteration | xxi | |
General Abbreviations | xxiii | |
I | The Changu Pillar Inscription | 1-4 |
II | Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription of Naravarmma | 4 |
III | Lazimpat Trivikrama Image Pedestal Inscription | 4 |
IV | Tilaganga Image Inscription | 5-6 |
V | Ksema Sundari's Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription | 6 |
VI | Manadeva's Sivalinga Inscription near Budhanilakantha | 6 |
VII | Tundaldevi one line Inscription | 6 |
VIII |
Sivalinga Inscription in the Pasupati area near the Daksinamurti temple |
6-7 |
IX | Another Pasupati Sivalinga Inscription | 7 |
X | Tebahal Inscription | 7-8 |
XI | Trident Base Inscription of Jayalambha | 8 |
XII | Chabahil stele | 8 |
XIII | Gunavati's Lazimpat Sivalinga Inscription | 9 |
XIV | Palanchok Stele | 9 |
XV | Inscription of Keltol (Kathmandu) | 9 |
XVI | The Swayambhunatha Inscription | 9-10 |
XVII | Effigy base Inscription of Changu | 10 |
XVIII | Suryaghat Sivalinga Inscription | 10-11 |
XIX | Inscription on the platform of Chandesvara | 11-12 |
XX | Adinarayana (Thankot) Inscription | 12-13 |
XXI | Tistung Stele | 13-14 |
XXII | Bahalukha, Trilingesvara Inscription | 14 |
XXIII | Jaisideval (Kathmandu) Stele | 14 |
XXIV | Sitapaila stone Inscription | 15 |
XXV | Kisipidi Inscription of S. 449 | 15 |
XXVI | Khapinche (Patan) Inscription | 15-16 |
XXVII | Satyanarayana (Harigaon, Kathmandu) Inscription | 16-20 |
XXVIII | The Aryaghat Mandala Inscription | 20 |
XXIX | Chowkitar (Kathmandu district) Inscription | 20-21 |
XXX | Bhasmesvara area Sivalinga Inscription | 21 |
XXXI | Narke Mahadeva Sivalinga Inscription | 21-22 |
XXXII | Sankhu (Kathmandu district) Inscription | 22 |
XXXIII | Abhiri Gomini's Sivalinga Inscription at Pasupati | 23 |
XXXIV |
Sivalinga Inscription across Aryaghat bridge in the Pasupati area |
23 |
XXXV |
Lagantol (Kathmandu) Avalokitesvara Image base Inscription |
23 |
XXXVI | Bharavi's stele of Harigaon (Kathmandu district) | 23 |
XXXVII | Pharping, Kochhntol Stele | 24 |
XXXVIII | Chowkitar Stele II | 24 |
XXXIX | Luku Mahadeva Slab in Balambu | 25 |
XL | Hitiga stone of Balambu | 25 |
XLI | Kisipidi stone of S. 482 | 25 |
XLII | Kulachchentol Inscription of Kisipidi | 25 |
XLIII | Deonani quarter Inscription of Satungal | 25 |
XLIV | Inscription of Sheraphant (Noakot) Valley | 25 |
XLV |
Harihara Image Pedestal Inscription of the Pasupati area |
25-26 |
XLVI | Tchapaligaon Stele | 26-27 |
XLVII | Mangal Bazar (Patan) Water conduct Inscription | 27 |
XLVIII | Inscription of Sikubahi (Patan) near Sankhamul | 27-28 |
XLIX | Visnupaduka Hill stele near Budhanilakantha | 28 |
L | Inscription of Chapagaon | 29 |
LI | Chyasaltol (Patan) Stele | 29 |
LII | Kumhaletol (Bhadgaon) Stele | 30 |
LIII | A stele in front of the Changu Temple door (west) | 30-31 |
LIV | Bhimsen Temple (Patan) Inscription | 31-32 |
LV | Banepa Stele | 32-33 |
LVI | Golmadhitol (Bhadgaon) | 33 |
LVII | Tulachhentol (Bhadgaon) | 33-34 |
LVIII | Dharamthali Stele | 34-35 |
LIX | Budhanilakantha Stele | 35-36 |
LX | Inscription of Satungal | 36-37 |
LXI | Inscription of Tokha | 37 |
LXII | Inscription of Dharampur | 37-38 |
LXIII | Inscription Khopasi | 38-39 |
LXIV | Inscription Dhapasi | 39 |
LXV | Inscription of Lele | 40-41 |
LXVI | Lagantol-Jaisideval Inscription | 41-42 |
LXVII | Nabahil (Patan) Inscription | 42 |
LXVIII | Bungmati Inscription | 43 |
LXIX | Harigaon Inscription (I) of Amsuvarma | 43-44 |
LXX | Inscription of Bhatuwal | 44-45 |
LXXI | Tistung Stele II | 45 |
LXXII | Inscription of Inayatol, Bhadgaon | 46 |
LXXIII |
Changu Narayana Image Kavacha (coat of arms) Inscription |
46 |
LXXIV |
Amsuvarma's Harigaon (Kathmandu) Inscription II |
46-47 |
LXXV | Sanga Inscription | 47-48 |
LXXVI | Sundhara (Patan) stele | 48-49 |
LXXVII | Taukhel stele | 49 |
LXXVIII | Otutol (Kathmandu) Inscription | 49-50 |
LXXIX | Gairidhara (Kathmandu) Inscription | 50 |
LXXX |
A Stele at the cross road near Western gate of Pasupati Temple precincts |
50-51 |
LXXXI | Inscription of Kisipidi | 51 |
LXXXII | Bankali Image Pedestal Inscription | 51-52 |
LXXXIII | Fragment of a stele in Pharping | 52 |
LXXXIV | Another Fragment of a stele in Pharping | 52 |
LXXXV | Degutale Platform slab (Darbar Square, Kathmandu) | 53 |
LXXXVI | Inscription of Gokarna area across the river Bagmagi | 53 |
LXXXVII | Inscription of Dumja | 53 |
LXXXVIII | Ancient Water Tank Inscription | 53 |
LXXXIX | Harigaon Brich Inscription | 54 |
XC |
Chapatol Ilananhi (Patan) Buddha Image Pedestal Inscription |
54 |
XCI |
Inscription on a Chaitya in a courtyard near Guita bahi by the side of the Main Road |
54-55 |
XCII | Bhimsen Temple Stele | 55 |
XCIII | Inscription of Bhogyananhi tol (patan) | 55 |
XCIV | Thimi Inscription I | 55 |
XCV | Naksal (Kathmandu) Visnu Image Pedestal Inscription | 55-56 |
XCVI | Chitlang Stele of Udayadeva | 56 |
XCVII | Tavajhya (Chhinnamastika) Inscription | 56-57 |
XCVIII | Malitar Inscription | 57-58 |
XCIX | Bhairavadhoka Stele near a wall | 58-59 |
C | Adesvara Sivalinga Inscription | 60 |
CI | Kevalpur Inscription | 60 |
CII | Balambu Dhakasitol Inscription | 60-61 |
CIII | Yangahiti (Kathmandu) Inscription | 61-62 |
CIV | Chandesvara Pillar Inscription | 62-63 |
CV | Chandesvara Pedestal Inscription | 63 |
CVI | Thankot Inscription | 63-64 |
CVII | Maligaon Inscription | 64-65 |
CVIII |
Yangahiti Inscription of Bhimarajanadeva and Visnugupta |
65-66 |
CIX | Bhrngaresvara Temple Inscription | 66-67 |
CX | Changu Temple Slab of Stone | 67-68 |
CXI | Tebahal wall slab | 68 |
CXII | A seat at Dhumvarahi | 68 |
CXIII | Another Seal at Dhumvarahi | 68 |
CXIV | Chobar Inscription | 69 |
CXV | Yampibahi water conduit Inscription | 69 |
CXVI |
A slab in a courtyard called Lunjhya in the Royal Palace at Patan |
69-70 |
CXVII | Yangahiti Inscription of Narendradeva | 70-71 |
CXVIII | Deopatan Inscription | 71-72 |
CXIX | Kasaintol (Deopatan) Inscription | 72-73 |
CXX | Naksal Road water conduit Inscription | 73 |
CXXI | Gairidhara Inscription (Patan) | 74 |
CXXII | Inscription of Anantalingesvara area | 75-76 |
CXXIII | Bhairavanath temple stone (Bhadgaon) | 76 |
CXXIV | Vatuku Bhairava (Patan) Temple stone | 76-77 |
CXXV | Balambu Vihara stone | 77 |
CXXVI | Chyasaltol (Patan) Slab of stone | 77-78 |
CXXVII | Yanamugal or Yangavahi stone | 78-80 |
CXXVIII | Vajraghar slab of stone | 80-81 |
CXXIX | Sankhu slab of stone | 81 |
CXXX | Chikandeo pedestal Inscription | 82 |
CXXXI | Nala water conduit Inscription | 82 |
CXXXII | Lagantol Inscription (lost) | 82-83 |
CXXXIII | Sonagothi or Bhringaresvara slab of stone | 83-84 |
CXXXIV | Inscription of Gorkha | 84-85 |
CXXXV | Thimi Inscription (II) | 85-86 |
CXXXVI | Balambu Inscription of Sivadeva | 86-87 |
CXXXVII | Narayanachaur, Naksal | 88 |
CXXXVIII | Inscription of Musumbahal | 88 |
CXXXIX | Chyasaltol (Patan) | 88-89 |
CXL | Minanath Water conduit | 89-90 |
CXLI | Jaisideval Water conduit | 90 |
CXLII | Pasupati Stele of Jayadeva II | 90-96 |
CXLIII | Naksal Narayanachaur (II) | 99-100 |
CXLIV | Inscription of Jnanesvara | 100 |
CXLV | Tangahiti | 100 |
CXLVI | Kumbhesvara | 101 |
CXLVII |
Varahi Image in the Mahabauddhatol in Kathmandu |
101 |
CXLVIII | Patan Adalat (Court of Justice) Water Conduit | 101 |
CXLIX | Inscription of Bungmati | 101 |
CL | Ganabahal (Kathmandu) | 102 |
CLI | Dhvakabaha Image | 102 |
CLII | Unknown Site, Patan | 102 |
CLIII | Bhogvananhitol | 102 |
CLIV | Unknown site (Patan) | 102 |
CLV | Tanabaha (Makhantol, Kathmandu) | 102-103 |
CLVI | Lokesvara Pedestal in Yangubahi | 103 |
CLVII | Subahal Stone | 103 |
CLVIII | Royal Palace (Kathmandu), Nasalchok | 103 |
CLIX | Lubhu-Motitar | 103 |
CLX | Changu Gate Stone | 103-104 |
CLXI | Sahottaratantra Colophon | 104 |
Appendices | 105 | |
Bibliography | 109 | |
Index | 111 |
Preface | v |
System of Transliteration | xiii |
General Abbreviations | xv |
Introduction | 1 |
Part I-Manadeva I to Sivadeva I | 9 |
Part II-The Age of Amsuvarma: Most Prominent Ruler | 127 |
Part III-Lichchhavi Udayadeva's Short-lived Reign | 165 |
Part IV-Powerful Regents and Puppet Kings | 169 |
Part V-Restoration of the Lichchhavis to Power: Narendradeva to Jayadeva | 201 |
Part VI-Miscellaneous Aspects of Socio-Economic Conditions and the Eras | 253 |
Appendices V-IX | 273 |
Bibliography | 275 |
Addenda | 276 |
Index | 277 |