Vagbhata completes the Great three (Brhatrayi) of Ayurveda with his predecessor, Caraka and Susruta. His identify and period are controversial but a major section of the scholarly community believes that he was a native of Sindh, who lived in the sixth century and wrote Astangadrdayam and Astangasangrah. The two texts frankly acknowledge the authority of the Samhitas of Caraka and Susruta and closely follow in the footsteps of the earlier masters.
The legacy of Vagbhata is based on a study of Astangahrdayam and employs a thematic approach with the plentiful of tables. As in the earlier volumes on Caraka and Susruta great care has been taken in this volume on Vagbhata to maintain fidelity to the original text while ensuring easy readability for the students of Ayurvedic medicine and the sciences.
A native of Kerala Dr. M S Valiathan received his medical education in Indian and training in surgery and cardiac sugary in the UK and USA. During a career a panning three decades as a surgeon and investigator his major interests were cardiac surgery in children studies on a tropical heart muscle disease and the development of cardiovascular devices. His contributors are embodied in a monograph many scientific papers and a family of medical devices including a tilting disc heart valve which are used widely in India.
Dr. Valiathan is a National Research Professor of the government of India. He is married to Ashima an orthodontist. They have a daughter Manna and a son Manish.
This volume is the third in my Legacy series the two previous ones on Caraka and Susruta having appeared in print during the last five years. The welcome received by the earlier books from a growing readership and their positive appraisal by scholarly persuaded me to undertake a similar exercise on Vagbhata and complete the series on the Great Trinity (Brhattrayi) of Ayurveda.
In writing the Legacy series, I had adopted from the start a format which I hoped would make them readily accessible to the students who opt for Ayurveda and medicine after twelve years of school while maintaining utmost fidelity to the original texts. In The Legacy of Vagbhata, I have therefore refrains form lengthy and inconclusive discussion on non medical topics such as the identity of Vagbhata his date place and so on. Apart form the fact that our ancestors who shaped India’s cultural inheritance were loath to talk about themselves the results of scholarly debates on the historical and personal data of Vagbhata seemed to me to be of limited inters tot benefit to students who are impatient to get on with medical studies. I read many reference to Vagbhata in the books on Ayurvedic history by reputed authors such as Heinrich Zimmer PV Sharma and NVK Varier and also held discussions with senior Ayurvedic colleagues before settling on two editions of Astangahrdaya as the basic texts for my study. These were Asrangahrdayam (three volumes) text and English commentary by Professor Srinath Murthy and Astangahradayam text with Malayalam translation by PM Govindan Vaidyar Astangahrdayam (text with Sarvangasundare commentary of Arunadatta and Ayurvedarasayana tika of Hemadari) edited by harisastry. Once again I followed the thematic approach on the lines of my books on Caraka and Susruta, which seems to have been well accepted by the readers. I must acknowledge that the work on Vagbhata made less demands on my time and effort than the study of the two Samhitas and often became a joyful experience.
Though I had opted to study Astangahrdaya as it represented the essence of Vagbhata’s legacy I had to consider Astangasangraha regardless of whether it was authored by the same Vagbhata. However on going through Sangraha with its extensive commentary by my mentor Shri Ragahvan Thirumulpad I soon realized that neither time nor my training would permit me to write on Vagbhata’s legacy based on a critical and exhaustive study of Sangraha and Hrdaya. Nevertheless as Astangahrdaya proudly claimed that its sprang from the churning of the ocean of Astangasangraha I have attempters a limited comparative analysis of three identical subjects drawn from the Carakasamhita Astangasangraha and Astangahrdaya in the Introduction. The analysis confirmed the general impression that the core of Ayurvedic doctrines profile of diseases and procedures remained unchanged over centuries whereas changes which did over were more or less confined to the domain of medical formulations. The limited exercise also suggested the appropriateness of doing a well planned comparative study on the evolution of Ayurvedic concepts and practice based on classical texts form Caraka to Vagbhata because the five or six centuries which separated them were marked by foreign incisions and major social upheavals in India.
Dr. Ramankutty of the Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal a brilliant Ayurvedic scholar and authority on medicinal plants has been a friend philosopher and guide during my Ayurvedic studies for the last few years. He not only encouraged scanned my entire manuscript and made numerous suggestions for corrections and improvements. Additionally he gave valuable assistance by listing the botanical names of plants mentioned in this book preparing an index and reading the proofs. I have no words to thank him for his untiring support and assistance. As Astangahrdaya is a distillate of earlier texts. I have taken the liberty of reproducing some of the figures drawn by MR. joy for my books on Caraka and Susruta in the present volume for the permission of which I express my thanks to Orient Blackswan. The inimitable picture of Vagbhata on the cover which has allusions to his legendary connection with Kerala was drawn specially for this volume by the renowned artist Nabudiri of Keral to whom I am much beholden.
I am grateful to the Ministry of Human Resources Development Governments of India for the award of a National Research Professorship which has supported me during my years of labor in the Ayurvedic vineyard. I am equally grateful to DR. Ramdas Pai President of the Manipal University for continuing to provide me excellent facilities and a congenial environment to follow my academic pursuit in Manipal. It is a pleasure to acknowledge with thanks the assistance of Ms Usha Kamath who typed and retyped my bulky manuscript untiringly and oversaw the smooth movement of papers in the Manipal Kottakkal Chennai triangle. I am grateful to Ms Ramaa kishore for reading the proofs. Ms Padmaja Anant or Orient Blackswan has been unfailingly supportive fore which I am grateful to her.
I can do no better than conclude by quoting Goethe Nowhere would anyone grant that science and poetry can be united. People forgot that science had developed from poetry and they failed to take into consideration that a swing of the pendulum might beneficently reunite the two at a higher level and to mutual advantage Vagbhata represents Goethe’s beneficent reunion of science and poetry at a higher level.
Caraka Susruta and Vagbhata are the Great (Brhatrayi) of Ayurveda. In line with his predecessors Vagbhata cared to say little about himself or the times he lived in and let his works speak for himself. In the Astangahrdaya (AH) he stated explicitly that Astangasangraha (AS) grew out of the boundless and immaculate knowledge of ancient sages and AH was no more than its distillate which would benefit even the less industrious. He affirmed that AH fulfilled the 18 requirements for an authoritative text which was at the same time free from 15 defects which bedevil inferior works. His confidence in AH was so great that he threw a challenge to his contemporaries and posterity on the inescapability of studying masterly texts such as AH regardless of whether they had been composed by ancient sages in the line of Caraka and Susruta. For him the heart of the massive literature of Ayurveda throbbed in AH which he believed would radiate beneficence for the whole world. One would therefore do no injustice to Vagbhata if a twenty first century study on his legacy were to be based on AH.
Astangahrdaya is one of the authorities’ texts of Ayurveda which continues to be equally popular among students practitioners and scholars. It is medically oriented work with principal emphasis on internal medicine(kayacikitsa) and only brief references o surgical obstruct that of the Samhitas of Caraka and Susruta whose names are revered but whose works are not widely read. The descriptions of medical concepts procedures and herbal formulations in AH can be traced to the Samhitas of Caraka and Susruta which were to the source for as well as. AH owned its great appeal over earlier texts to the beauty of its verses its masterly style of condensation logical arrangement of topics clarity of description another merits. No wonder it was translated into foreign languages such as Arabic Persian Tibetan many centuries ago and more recently into European languages.
Uttaratantra constitutes a large part of AH and deals with diseases of children disease caused by evil spirits disease of the head and neck surgical treatment poisoning rejuvenant and virilising therapies. The existence of Uttarasthana in CS is controversial but many of the subjects discussed in AH under Uttaratantra are conversed in the Cikitsa and other Sthanas of CS. Unlike CS and AS which contain a mixture of prose and poetry AH is composed in verse barring a few prose lines at the beginning and end of each chapter. A summary of the subjects dealt with in AH is indicated below.
Sutra: Wish for long life code of daily and seasonal conduct food and drinks ensuring safety of food substance and properties tastes dosas in health and disease principles of treatment procedures in treatments instruments and their use in surgery.
Sarira: Development of the embryo; pregnancy and disorders associated with it; parts of the body; vital spots; significance of messengers; omens and dreams.
Nidana: Diagnosis based on clinical features; fever pitta-induced bleeding, cough, hiccup shortness of breath hoarseness of voice phthisis alcoholic intoxication, piles, diarrhea and bowel disorders, loss of appetite, vomiting, heart disease, morbid thirst scrotal enlargements, gaseous lumps of abdomen urinary obstruction, polyurias including diabetes, abscesses, abdominal enlargement pallor swelling cellulites skin disease including leprosy, leucoderma, worm infestation vata disorders blood disorders.
Cikitsa:Fever, Pitta-induced bleeding, cough, shortness of breath, hiccup, hoarseness of voice, phthisis vomiting loss of appetite heart disease urinary obstruction intoxication, piles, diarrhea, bowel disorders urinary obstruction polyurias including diabetes abscess abdominal enlargement scrotal swelling worm infestation, gaseous lumps of the abdomen, pallor, swelling, celluttuis, skin disorders including leprosy leucoderma vata-induced blood disorders.
Kalpa: Siddhi : Emesis purgation and complication enemas and complications drugs employed in the procedures.
Uttara: children’s diseases, disease caused by evil spirits insanity epilepsy, eye diseases; diseases of the car, nose, mouth, head; ulcers, fracture, ano-rectal fistula, tumors, filarial, swelling, glandular swellings and sinuses; minor diseases; poisoning bites by snakes spiders rats insects rejuvenent therapy virilising therapy.
The immense popularity of AH is testified by the many commentaries on it numbering over thirty excluding commentaries partly regional only in manuscript form and only six are said to be available in print form. Among these Arunadatta’s Savangasundara which reaches back to the twelfth century has received the highest critical acclaim. Among the commentaries in regional languages, PM Govindan Vaidyan’s Arunodaya century and chapped Achutha varier’s commentary in Malayalam have been popular in Kerala where AH became a great favorite among the intelligentsia centuries ago.
Vagbhata identity place of birth date and religious affiliation are far form certain. Scholars are equally divided on the question whether AS and AH were composed by an identical Vagbhata or whether Vagbhata Senior authored AS and Vagbhata Junior summarized it later as AH. There is a scholarly view that another Vagbhata (Madhya Vagbhata) intervened between the senior and junior Vagbhata and wrote Astangavatara. The Vagbhata who wrote AS stated in the concluding verse there lived a great physician named Vagbhata who was my grandfather whose name I bear. His son was Simhagupta who was my father. I was born I Sindhudesa. After learning the science form Avalokita my teacher and more form my father and devoting myself to a large number of books in this science. I have composed this text. He also claimed that the text was written to suit his times (yanagupta). The scholars who claim that the Vagbhata of AS is the same individual who composed AH point to the statement at the end of AH that it is a distillate of AS which is an ocean of medical science; and a large number of verses from AS reproduced without changes in AH etc., as evidence of the identify of the authors. On the other hand other s noted that ancient commentators distinguished Vrddha Vagbhata who wrote AS from Vagbhata who authored AH and the dissonance between the two texts in relation to style observation on faith and sociology scientific principles etc. (PV Sharma). In the present state of learned ignorance the identity of Vagbhata cannot be established with certainly nor can the question in AH antedating AS be answered on the basis of irrefutable evidence.
Vagbhata’s date: As AH contains several verses form the CS which was revised and completed by Drdhabala, Vagbhata probably lived after Drdhabala whose date has been fixed by general agreement around 500 A.D Professor Srikantha Murhty has pointed to a verse closely similar to one form AH or probably taken from it in the Brhatsamhita of Varhamihira who is known to have lived between 500-580 AD. This would support the view the Vagbhata lived in the sixth century when Gupta rules was beginning to decline in north India.
Legendary Vagbhata : Reputed commentators such as Jejjata and Niscalakara have described Vagbhata as a raja or Rajarsi. Professor PV Sharma was of the opinion that Vagbhata might have left his small kingdom in Shindh and moved to Ujjain Following the invasion by sakas. Vagbhata’s connection with Kerala is also legendry. He is the patron saint of Ayurveda and Astangahrdaya the principal text for the traditional learning of Ayurveda in Kerala. According to popular belief, Vagbhata a Brahmana masters Ayurveda under the guidance of a Buddhist teacher in Sindhiseas when Buddhism was a dominant religion and Buddhist physicians the leaders of Ayurvedic practice and training. On the completion of training Vagbhata found himself ostracized by Brahmans whereupon he left Sichudesa on a long journey which ended in Kerala. There he found intelligent and admiring pupils among the Namputiris who were hungry for Ayurvedic knowledge. According to this belief he establish the Astavaidya families each specializing in one branch of Ayurveda and all depending on AH as their therapeutic manual. Unfortunately no evidence of Ayurveda and Astangahrdaya in Sri Lanka believe that Vagbhata lived in the island after his departure form Sind.
Transliteration Chart | |
Preface | |
Quotes form Vagbhata | |
Introduction | |
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Chapter 1: Ayurveda an Overview Divine origin of Ayurveda – eight divisions – dosas and properties – dhatus and malas – tastes – substances (dravya) and qualities (guna) – health and disease – principles of treatment - prognosis |
1 |
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Chapter 2: A Code for Healthy conduct (Svastavrtta) A day in Healthy living – sleep – sexual intercourse – general and personal conduct – unacceptable conduct |
8 |
Chapter 3: Life in Harmony with seasons (rtucarya) Six seasons – lifestyle changes to suit the seasons |
15 |
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Chapter 4: Liquids as food (dravadravya) Water for different sources – milk and Milk products- sugarcane juice and products – oils- wines- urines |
21 |
Chapter 5: Food (annasvarupa) Classification – awned cereals – pulses – prepared foods – meats- greens – fruit – medication – salts- alkalis - plants |
33 |
Chapter 6: Food Safety (annaraksa) Signs of positioned food and drinks – signs of poison giver – tests for poisoned food – disease caused by poisons – incompatible food adaptation and de adaptation to food |
54 |
Chapter 7: Measure of food for health (matrasitiya) adequate quantity of food – alasaka, ajirna – code for dining – unacceptable and acceptable food for regular use – after drinks |
60 |
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Chapter 8: Pancabhutas as the stuff of existence(dravyavijnana) Pancabhutas – properties – taste – potency, post digestive taste, specific effective action (prabhava) |
66 |
Chapter 9: Tastes (rasas) Six primary tastes- properties – actions of tastes- classification of substances according to taste- combination of tastes |
70 |
Chapter 10: Dosas, tissues (dhatus) wastes(malas) Basic components of the body Three Dosas and their actions – tissues – manifestations of excess in tissues malas – deficiency of dosas tissues and malas treatments of increase in dosas – fires (agnis) in the body – ojas |
76 |
Chapter 11: Dosas, (dosabhediya) Locations and divisions of three dosas- accumulations and perturbation of dosas- general features of dosa perturbation - classification of diseases based on the origin –guidelines for the physician in examining patients.
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83 |
of the Body (sarira) |
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Chapter 12: Procreation Pregnancy and fetal development (garbhotpatti, garbhavakrantiya) Menstruation – semen and Menstrual blood-rituals associated with conception –antenatal care – congenital anomalies- fetal development –delivery –postnatal care
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91 |
Chapter 13:Disorders of pregnancy (garbhavyapat) Abortion- fetal anomalies- fetal death – extraction of placenta- abdominal delivery –protection of pregnancy – false pregnancy
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100 |
Chapter 14: Body parts and function (angavibhaga) Major and accessory parts – maternal and paternal contribution to body composition –skin membranes (kalas), hollow and other viscera- tendons muscles none’s – veins suitable and unsuitable for vensection – sirasand dhamanis –digestive fire – digestion of food –medical triads –measure of body tissues – body constitution (dehapraktri) and dosa prakrti – ideal physique
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106 |
Chapter 15: Vital Spots (marmas) Location in the body – consequences of injury – vital sports in relation to tissues and structure – clinical features of injury prognosis – measure of vital spots – sequelae of injury
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122 |
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Chapter 16: Management of perturbed dosas ((dosopakrama) Disease induced by vata, pitta and kapha – principles of treatment – dosas lodged in other than native locations- dosas mixed with poorly digested food – management of dosas during change of seasons – time for ingestion of drugs
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131 |
Chapter 17: Increasing (brmhana, santarpana) and reducing (langhana, apatarpana) the body mass Reducing the body mass and persons requiring it – increasing body mass and persons requiring it – therapy for increasing and decreasing body mass – complication of over treatment
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136 |
Chapter 18: Groups of drugs for evacuative and other measures (sodhanadi group) thirty three groups and functions in therapeutics
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141 |
Chapter 19: Herbal drugs (bhesajakalpa) Five decoctions –features – dosage – cooking procedure - weights and measures –geographical influences on drugs
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147 |
Chapter 20: Lubricant therapy (snehana) four lubricants – persons requiring bared form lubricant therapy – time for therapy – aftercare – signs of satisfactory lubrication – emergency lubricant therapy
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152 |
Chapter 21: Fomentation (svedana) Four methods- principles of application procedure – excess treatment – person appropriate and inappropriate for receiving treatment – fermentation without fire
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159 |
Chapter 22: Emesis and purgation (vamana,virecana) Appropriate and inappropriate condition for emesis- procedure for emesis – aftercare – appropriate and inappropriate condition for purgation – poor results – aftercare
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164 |
Chapter 23:Emetics and purgative; medical formulations; complications (vamankalpa, virencankalpa) Emetics – madana jimuta, iksvaku dhamargava ksveda, kutaja - medical formulations –purgatives –trivrt rajavrksa tilvaka, sudha snakhini – saptala, danti dravanti haritaki – medicinal formulations – complications due to inadequate or excess use
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171 |
Chapter 24: Enemas (Vasti) Non-lubricant enema – condition and persons appropriate/ inappropriate for the procedure –lubricant enemas – condition and persons appropriate/ inappropriate for the procedure – equipment for enema – technique – enemas for dosa disorders special enemas –urethral and vaginal enema
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187 |
Chapter 25: More on enemas ( vastikalpa) Non-lubricant enemas – applications in dosa – dominant diseases - idea enemas; lubricant enemas – classified compilation of enemas – post enemas, management
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197 |
Chapter 26: Nasal Purging (nasya) Three methods – persons and conditions – inappropriate and appropriate for the procedure – technique – time for the procedure – aftercare
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211 |
Chapter 27: Others procedures smoking (dhumapana) gargling (kabaja) Three grades of medicate smoking – persons and conditions barred form smoking – gargles – equipment – procedure – drugs for medicinal smoke – gargles – local application inside the mouth and on the face – application of oil pouch in the head
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217 |
Chapter 28:Produres for eye care (ascyotana, anjana) Eye drops; collyrium – conditions inappropriate for the use of collyrium – time of application – technique tarpana and putapaka – procedure
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225 |
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Chapter 29: Blunt instruments (yantras) Uses- classification into cruciform, forceps, tubular rod-like hooks with subtypes – animal horn and gourd – accessory instruments
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231 |
Chapter 30: Sharp instruments (sastras) Twenty-six types – description and surgical applications - application of leeches –procedure
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239 |
Chapter 31: Vensection (siravyadh) Condition appropriate and inappropriate for consecution - choice of location – procedure – special sites- aftercare
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248 |
Chapter 32: Removal of foreign bodies (salyaharana) Sings of foreign bodies in different locations – treatments and guidelines
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254 |
Chapter 33: Surgical operations (sastrakarma) Draining abscesses – pre and post operative care – management of traumatic wounds- bandaging – chronic ulcers
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260 |
Chapter 34: Cauterization (ksaragnikarma) alkaline cautery – inappropriate conditions for use – preparation and durable qualities alkalis –cauterization procedure- thermal cattery –appropriate and inappropriate use of cauterization
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268 |
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Chapter 35: causation and clinical course of diseases (nidana, purvarupa, rupa, upasaya, samprapti) Cause – premonitory sign and clinical features – causes for increase in dosas
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275 |
Chapter 36: Fevers (jvara) fevers caused by vata pitta and kapha singly or jointly – caused by external agents- other classification of fevers – treatment -evacuative procedures – diet role of ghee milk – medicinal formulation – treatment of complex fevers
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279 |
Chapter 37: Pitta included bleeding disease (raktapitta) Premonitory signs- clinical features – treatments – pacificatory and evacuative measures – dietary preparations- medicinal formulation
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305 |
Chapter 38: Cough (kasa) Different types of cough – treatment of cough due to vata, pitta, kapha excess- diet-medicinal formulations – cough following chest injury and treatment – cough in phthisis
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312 |
Chapter 39: Shortness of breath hiccup (svasa; hikka) Five years of shortness of breath and hiccup – treatments - evacuative measures – medicinal formulation – other measures
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332 |
Chapter 40: Phthisis and allied conditions (sosa) Causes – Premonitory signs and clinical features – treatment - evacuative and building up procedures – diet- formulations hoarseness – features – loss of appetite treatment excessive salivation and treatment vomiting and treatment –heart disease treatments morbid thirst and treatment
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342 |
Chapter 41: Alcoholic intoxication (madatyaya) Stages of intoxication – clinical features- fainting – coma – treatment – wine as antidote – formulation – role of milk – in praise of wine – treatment of non alcoholic intoxication
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368 |
Chapter 42: Diarrhea (arisara) Clinical features – different classification – treatments of unripe and ripe diarrheas- dysentery – rectal prolapsed- enemas puttapaka etc. in treatment – diarrhea induced by dosas and treatment
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383 |
Chapter 43: Bowel disorder (grahani) clinical features – classification – treatments of different types formulations – role of fate in enhancing digestive power
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397 |
Chapter 44: Polyrias (prameha) Twenty types – clinical features – complications – treatments evacuative measures – medicinal formulations
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408 |
Chapter 45: Abscess (vidradhi) Six types – clinical feature – complications – prognosis - treatment – medical procedures – local measures – formulations internal abscesses of treatment
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418 |
Chapter 46: Disease of pallor (panduroga) five types and clinical features – jaundice – treatment – medicinal formulations – treatments of jaundice
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425 |
Chapter 47: Vata disorders (vatayadhi) clinical features according to the location of vata – general treatment for vata excess- specific treatment for different condition – important formulations
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433 |
Chapter 48: Vata induced blood disorders gout like Disorders (vatasonita, vatarakta) Clinical features according to the vitiation of dosas- vata perturbations alone or with other dosas dhauts and malas interference of ate by other dosas and among its divisions - general treatment and specific treatments for individual condition – medicinal formulations
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446 |
Chapter 49: Swelling (sopha) Causes – clinical features – treatment – dietary regimen- evacuative measures – formulations – local treatments
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461 |
Chapter 50: Cellulitis (visarpa) Clinical features – different types – treatment – general and local formulations
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469 |
Chapter 51: Diseases caused by suppression of physical urges (vega) Clinical features and treatment of each – general guidelines
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476 |
(kaumarabhrtya) |
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Chapter 52:Case of the Newborn (balopacarniya) Attendance at birth – breast feeding – naming ceremony – care of the infant – piercing the ear- waning – medicated ghess
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481 |
Chapter 53: Diseases of children (balamayas) Breast Milk, healthy and unhealthy – recognition of pain in children – diseases caused by dosas – vitiated breast milk diseases caused by eruption of teeth – treatment in general phthisis in children – rectal ulcers
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487 |
Chapter 54: Diseases in children caused by evil spirits (balagrahas) twelve balagrahas – clinical features on seizure by each – purpose of seizure – treatment – medicinal formulations - fumigation sacrificial rituals
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495 |
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Chapter 55: Superhuman power in humans (bhutacijnaniya) vulnerable moments – timing of seizure by sprits – traits following seizure – treatment – formulations – sacred rituals
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502 |
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Chapter 56: Insanity (unmade) Causes and types – treatment – medicinal formulations - miscellaneous measures
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513 |
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Chapter 57: Seizure disorder ( apasmara) Causes and types – treatment – medicinal formulations
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519 |
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Chapter 58: Poisons : Fixed and Mobile (Visa; Sthavara and jangama) Properties of poisons – stages of poisoning – medicinal formulation as antidotes – delayed poisons – artificial poisons potentiation of poisons – treatment
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523 |
Chapter 59: Snake Bites (sarpavisa) Types and morphological features of poisonous snakes – varieties of bites –stages of poisoning – bites defying cure – treatment - vensection protection of the heart – medicinal formulations
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530 |
Chapter 60: Bites by insects spiders (kitalutadi visa) Bites bu insects including scorpion – clinical features – treatment - spider bites with clinical feature – clinical course and treatment
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540 |
Chapter 61: Poisoning by bites of rats dogs (musika –alarkavisa) Types of rats – rabid dog- treatment of rat bite and dog bite
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551 |
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Chapter 62: Piles (arsas) Classification of types – promontory signs and clinical – features – piles in any rectal and other locations – treatment - cauterization – local and general measures – bloodletting - medical formulations and diet – enemas – management of bleeding piles
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556 |
Chapter 63: Urinary obstruction (metrakrcchra) Twenty types – clinical feature of stone in the bladder
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579 |
Chapter 64: Scrotal swelling (vrddhi) Seven types – clinical features – treatment – formulation - cautery
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591 |
Chapter 65: Gaseous lumps of the abdomen (gulma) Causes – clinical features – blood included lump in women treatment of different types – evacuative measures – formulations surgical treatment – cauterization with alkali – diet- treatment of blood induced lumps
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595 |
Chapter 66: Abdominal swelling (Udara) Types and clinical features – treatment – evacuative measures - specific formulations for each type – surgical measures
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612 |
Chapter 67: leprosy (kustha) Seven types and clinical feature – location and clinical feature – treatment – evacuative measure – formulation – local measures venesection
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630 |
Chapter 68: Leucoderma (svitra) Types based on dosas and clinical features – treatment
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644 |
Chapter 69: Worm infestation (krmi) External and internal types – four kinds based on origin – species of worms – clinical features – treatment – evacuative measure - formulations
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645 |
Chapter 70: Ulcers (Vrana) Externally and internally caused ulcers- fifteen types - prognosis – treatment – early and ripening stage – burst abscess - formulations – thermal cautery – traumatic wounds –local and general measures – ulcers in specific locations and treatment visceral injuries and treatment
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651 |
Chapter 71: Fracture and dislocations (bhanga, sandhimukta) Fracture resistant to treatment – outline of treatment – reduction immobilization bandaging – fracture at specific sites
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664 |
Chapter 72: Rectal fistula (bhangandara) Abscesses preceding fistula – different types of fistulae - Treatment – local measures including alkaline thermal cautery, sugery – medicinal formulations for internal and local use
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669 |
Chapter 73: Glandular swellings tumours, filarial swelling, cervical glandular swellings sinus ulcer (grandhi, arbuda slipada apcat, nadi) Glandular swelling – nine types – treatment in the unripe and ripe stages – surgery Tumours – six years – treatment similar to glandular swellings filarial swelling – clinical features – treatment according to dosa dominance Cervical glandular swellings – clinical features – treatment evacuative measures formulations bloodletting – surgical excision Sinus ulcer-ulcer with sinus tracks- caused by dosas or foreign body – clinical features – treatment – fermentation – surgery including removal of foreign body – local applications
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675 |
Chapter 74: Diseases of the genital organs (guhyaroga) Causes – twenty three types – clinical features – treatment – formulations – fermentation bloodletting – surgical measures – disease of the vagina – twenty types – clinical features – treatment – evacuative measures – medicated tampon formulation
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685 |
Chapter 75: Minor diseases (ksudraroga) Thirty six types – clinical features – treatment – formulation bloodletting – evacuative therapy- surgical measures
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698 |
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Chapter 76: Disease of the year (karnaroga) twenty five types – clinical features – treatment of each type - evacuative and local measure – formulation – surgical repair of defects of ear nose and lips
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706 |
Chapter 77: Disease of the Nose (Nasaroga) Thirteen types – clinical features – treatment of each type- evacuative measures and local applications – formulations
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716 |
Chapter 78: Oral Disease (mukharoga) Disease of lips (11) – teeth (10)- gums (13) – tongue (6) palate (8) – throat (18) – clinical features – treatment for each condition – general measures such as evacuative therapy and blood letting – local measures such as fomentation gargle and application of pastes – formulations
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722 |
Chapter 79: Disease of the Head (siroroga) Eleven types – clinical features – treatment – general measures including evacuative therapy and bloodletting – local measures such as fomentation application of pasts medicated smoking and application of head pouch – formulation
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742 |
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Chapter 80: Disease of the Eyelids (vartma) Disease of different parts of the eye – twenty four types of diseases of eyelids – clinical features – prognosis – treatment local application – surgical measures
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752 |
Chapter 81: Disease of the fornix, sclera and cornea (sandhi –sita- asitaroga) Nine types affecting fornix – thirteen types affecting sclera- five types affecting cornea- guidelines to medical and surgical treatment – fermentation and techniques for each of three groups
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760 |
Chapter 82: Vision Defect (drsti) Seven types – clinical features – treatment – medicinal formalities – preparations for animal sources – treatment fo timira based on dosa dominance – general conduct
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771 |
Chapter 83: Blindness due to the disorders of lens (linganasa) Six types – clinical features – couching of lens – postoperative care – complications and management
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787 |
Chapter 84: Global diseases of the eye (sarvaksiroga) Sixteen types – clinical features – specific treatment of each – formulation – general measures – prophylaxis
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791 |
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Chapter 85: Signs of imminent death (rista) Varieties fo signs – signs related to appearance sense organs, voice shadow, activates clinical features in different diseases - other signs
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803 |
Chapter 86: Messengers omens dreams (duta nimitta, svapna) Inauspicious messengers – omens – auspicious inauspicious and mixed – dreams and their effects – auspicious dreams
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814 |
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Chapter 87: Rejuvenant therapy (rasayana) types of therapy – formulations – benefits – various drugs including lasuna and silajatu
|
823 |
|
|
Chapter 88: Virilising therapy (vajikarana) Benefits – formulation – erotics
|
841 |
Chapter 89: Epilogue List if major disease and remedies – efficacy of treatment about Astangahrdaya
|
846 |
Botanical Names
|
852 |
Glossary
|
885 |
Index
|
907 |
Vagbhata completes the Great three (Brhatrayi) of Ayurveda with his predecessor, Caraka and Susruta. His identify and period are controversial but a major section of the scholarly community believes that he was a native of Sindh, who lived in the sixth century and wrote Astangadrdayam and Astangasangrah. The two texts frankly acknowledge the authority of the Samhitas of Caraka and Susruta and closely follow in the footsteps of the earlier masters.
The legacy of Vagbhata is based on a study of Astangahrdayam and employs a thematic approach with the plentiful of tables. As in the earlier volumes on Caraka and Susruta great care has been taken in this volume on Vagbhata to maintain fidelity to the original text while ensuring easy readability for the students of Ayurvedic medicine and the sciences.
A native of Kerala Dr. M S Valiathan received his medical education in Indian and training in surgery and cardiac sugary in the UK and USA. During a career a panning three decades as a surgeon and investigator his major interests were cardiac surgery in children studies on a tropical heart muscle disease and the development of cardiovascular devices. His contributors are embodied in a monograph many scientific papers and a family of medical devices including a tilting disc heart valve which are used widely in India.
Dr. Valiathan is a National Research Professor of the government of India. He is married to Ashima an orthodontist. They have a daughter Manna and a son Manish.
This volume is the third in my Legacy series the two previous ones on Caraka and Susruta having appeared in print during the last five years. The welcome received by the earlier books from a growing readership and their positive appraisal by scholarly persuaded me to undertake a similar exercise on Vagbhata and complete the series on the Great Trinity (Brhattrayi) of Ayurveda.
In writing the Legacy series, I had adopted from the start a format which I hoped would make them readily accessible to the students who opt for Ayurveda and medicine after twelve years of school while maintaining utmost fidelity to the original texts. In The Legacy of Vagbhata, I have therefore refrains form lengthy and inconclusive discussion on non medical topics such as the identity of Vagbhata his date place and so on. Apart form the fact that our ancestors who shaped India’s cultural inheritance were loath to talk about themselves the results of scholarly debates on the historical and personal data of Vagbhata seemed to me to be of limited inters tot benefit to students who are impatient to get on with medical studies. I read many reference to Vagbhata in the books on Ayurvedic history by reputed authors such as Heinrich Zimmer PV Sharma and NVK Varier and also held discussions with senior Ayurvedic colleagues before settling on two editions of Astangahrdaya as the basic texts for my study. These were Asrangahrdayam (three volumes) text and English commentary by Professor Srinath Murthy and Astangahradayam text with Malayalam translation by PM Govindan Vaidyar Astangahrdayam (text with Sarvangasundare commentary of Arunadatta and Ayurvedarasayana tika of Hemadari) edited by harisastry. Once again I followed the thematic approach on the lines of my books on Caraka and Susruta, which seems to have been well accepted by the readers. I must acknowledge that the work on Vagbhata made less demands on my time and effort than the study of the two Samhitas and often became a joyful experience.
Though I had opted to study Astangahrdaya as it represented the essence of Vagbhata’s legacy I had to consider Astangasangraha regardless of whether it was authored by the same Vagbhata. However on going through Sangraha with its extensive commentary by my mentor Shri Ragahvan Thirumulpad I soon realized that neither time nor my training would permit me to write on Vagbhata’s legacy based on a critical and exhaustive study of Sangraha and Hrdaya. Nevertheless as Astangahrdaya proudly claimed that its sprang from the churning of the ocean of Astangasangraha I have attempters a limited comparative analysis of three identical subjects drawn from the Carakasamhita Astangasangraha and Astangahrdaya in the Introduction. The analysis confirmed the general impression that the core of Ayurvedic doctrines profile of diseases and procedures remained unchanged over centuries whereas changes which did over were more or less confined to the domain of medical formulations. The limited exercise also suggested the appropriateness of doing a well planned comparative study on the evolution of Ayurvedic concepts and practice based on classical texts form Caraka to Vagbhata because the five or six centuries which separated them were marked by foreign incisions and major social upheavals in India.
Dr. Ramankutty of the Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal a brilliant Ayurvedic scholar and authority on medicinal plants has been a friend philosopher and guide during my Ayurvedic studies for the last few years. He not only encouraged scanned my entire manuscript and made numerous suggestions for corrections and improvements. Additionally he gave valuable assistance by listing the botanical names of plants mentioned in this book preparing an index and reading the proofs. I have no words to thank him for his untiring support and assistance. As Astangahrdaya is a distillate of earlier texts. I have taken the liberty of reproducing some of the figures drawn by MR. joy for my books on Caraka and Susruta in the present volume for the permission of which I express my thanks to Orient Blackswan. The inimitable picture of Vagbhata on the cover which has allusions to his legendary connection with Kerala was drawn specially for this volume by the renowned artist Nabudiri of Keral to whom I am much beholden.
I am grateful to the Ministry of Human Resources Development Governments of India for the award of a National Research Professorship which has supported me during my years of labor in the Ayurvedic vineyard. I am equally grateful to DR. Ramdas Pai President of the Manipal University for continuing to provide me excellent facilities and a congenial environment to follow my academic pursuit in Manipal. It is a pleasure to acknowledge with thanks the assistance of Ms Usha Kamath who typed and retyped my bulky manuscript untiringly and oversaw the smooth movement of papers in the Manipal Kottakkal Chennai triangle. I am grateful to Ms Ramaa kishore for reading the proofs. Ms Padmaja Anant or Orient Blackswan has been unfailingly supportive fore which I am grateful to her.
I can do no better than conclude by quoting Goethe Nowhere would anyone grant that science and poetry can be united. People forgot that science had developed from poetry and they failed to take into consideration that a swing of the pendulum might beneficently reunite the two at a higher level and to mutual advantage Vagbhata represents Goethe’s beneficent reunion of science and poetry at a higher level.
Caraka Susruta and Vagbhata are the Great (Brhatrayi) of Ayurveda. In line with his predecessors Vagbhata cared to say little about himself or the times he lived in and let his works speak for himself. In the Astangahrdaya (AH) he stated explicitly that Astangasangraha (AS) grew out of the boundless and immaculate knowledge of ancient sages and AH was no more than its distillate which would benefit even the less industrious. He affirmed that AH fulfilled the 18 requirements for an authoritative text which was at the same time free from 15 defects which bedevil inferior works. His confidence in AH was so great that he threw a challenge to his contemporaries and posterity on the inescapability of studying masterly texts such as AH regardless of whether they had been composed by ancient sages in the line of Caraka and Susruta. For him the heart of the massive literature of Ayurveda throbbed in AH which he believed would radiate beneficence for the whole world. One would therefore do no injustice to Vagbhata if a twenty first century study on his legacy were to be based on AH.
Astangahrdaya is one of the authorities’ texts of Ayurveda which continues to be equally popular among students practitioners and scholars. It is medically oriented work with principal emphasis on internal medicine(kayacikitsa) and only brief references o surgical obstruct that of the Samhitas of Caraka and Susruta whose names are revered but whose works are not widely read. The descriptions of medical concepts procedures and herbal formulations in AH can be traced to the Samhitas of Caraka and Susruta which were to the source for as well as. AH owned its great appeal over earlier texts to the beauty of its verses its masterly style of condensation logical arrangement of topics clarity of description another merits. No wonder it was translated into foreign languages such as Arabic Persian Tibetan many centuries ago and more recently into European languages.
Uttaratantra constitutes a large part of AH and deals with diseases of children disease caused by evil spirits disease of the head and neck surgical treatment poisoning rejuvenant and virilising therapies. The existence of Uttarasthana in CS is controversial but many of the subjects discussed in AH under Uttaratantra are conversed in the Cikitsa and other Sthanas of CS. Unlike CS and AS which contain a mixture of prose and poetry AH is composed in verse barring a few prose lines at the beginning and end of each chapter. A summary of the subjects dealt with in AH is indicated below.
Sutra: Wish for long life code of daily and seasonal conduct food and drinks ensuring safety of food substance and properties tastes dosas in health and disease principles of treatment procedures in treatments instruments and their use in surgery.
Sarira: Development of the embryo; pregnancy and disorders associated with it; parts of the body; vital spots; significance of messengers; omens and dreams.
Nidana: Diagnosis based on clinical features; fever pitta-induced bleeding, cough, hiccup shortness of breath hoarseness of voice phthisis alcoholic intoxication, piles, diarrhea and bowel disorders, loss of appetite, vomiting, heart disease, morbid thirst scrotal enlargements, gaseous lumps of abdomen urinary obstruction, polyurias including diabetes, abscesses, abdominal enlargement pallor swelling cellulites skin disease including leprosy, leucoderma, worm infestation vata disorders blood disorders.
Cikitsa:Fever, Pitta-induced bleeding, cough, shortness of breath, hiccup, hoarseness of voice, phthisis vomiting loss of appetite heart disease urinary obstruction intoxication, piles, diarrhea, bowel disorders urinary obstruction polyurias including diabetes abscess abdominal enlargement scrotal swelling worm infestation, gaseous lumps of the abdomen, pallor, swelling, celluttuis, skin disorders including leprosy leucoderma vata-induced blood disorders.
Kalpa: Siddhi : Emesis purgation and complication enemas and complications drugs employed in the procedures.
Uttara: children’s diseases, disease caused by evil spirits insanity epilepsy, eye diseases; diseases of the car, nose, mouth, head; ulcers, fracture, ano-rectal fistula, tumors, filarial, swelling, glandular swellings and sinuses; minor diseases; poisoning bites by snakes spiders rats insects rejuvenent therapy virilising therapy.
The immense popularity of AH is testified by the many commentaries on it numbering over thirty excluding commentaries partly regional only in manuscript form and only six are said to be available in print form. Among these Arunadatta’s Savangasundara which reaches back to the twelfth century has received the highest critical acclaim. Among the commentaries in regional languages, PM Govindan Vaidyan’s Arunodaya century and chapped Achutha varier’s commentary in Malayalam have been popular in Kerala where AH became a great favorite among the intelligentsia centuries ago.
Vagbhata identity place of birth date and religious affiliation are far form certain. Scholars are equally divided on the question whether AS and AH were composed by an identical Vagbhata or whether Vagbhata Senior authored AS and Vagbhata Junior summarized it later as AH. There is a scholarly view that another Vagbhata (Madhya Vagbhata) intervened between the senior and junior Vagbhata and wrote Astangavatara. The Vagbhata who wrote AS stated in the concluding verse there lived a great physician named Vagbhata who was my grandfather whose name I bear. His son was Simhagupta who was my father. I was born I Sindhudesa. After learning the science form Avalokita my teacher and more form my father and devoting myself to a large number of books in this science. I have composed this text. He also claimed that the text was written to suit his times (yanagupta). The scholars who claim that the Vagbhata of AS is the same individual who composed AH point to the statement at the end of AH that it is a distillate of AS which is an ocean of medical science; and a large number of verses from AS reproduced without changes in AH etc., as evidence of the identify of the authors. On the other hand other s noted that ancient commentators distinguished Vrddha Vagbhata who wrote AS from Vagbhata who authored AH and the dissonance between the two texts in relation to style observation on faith and sociology scientific principles etc. (PV Sharma). In the present state of learned ignorance the identity of Vagbhata cannot be established with certainly nor can the question in AH antedating AS be answered on the basis of irrefutable evidence.
Vagbhata’s date: As AH contains several verses form the CS which was revised and completed by Drdhabala, Vagbhata probably lived after Drdhabala whose date has been fixed by general agreement around 500 A.D Professor Srikantha Murhty has pointed to a verse closely similar to one form AH or probably taken from it in the Brhatsamhita of Varhamihira who is known to have lived between 500-580 AD. This would support the view the Vagbhata lived in the sixth century when Gupta rules was beginning to decline in north India.
Legendary Vagbhata : Reputed commentators such as Jejjata and Niscalakara have described Vagbhata as a raja or Rajarsi. Professor PV Sharma was of the opinion that Vagbhata might have left his small kingdom in Shindh and moved to Ujjain Following the invasion by sakas. Vagbhata’s connection with Kerala is also legendry. He is the patron saint of Ayurveda and Astangahrdaya the principal text for the traditional learning of Ayurveda in Kerala. According to popular belief, Vagbhata a Brahmana masters Ayurveda under the guidance of a Buddhist teacher in Sindhiseas when Buddhism was a dominant religion and Buddhist physicians the leaders of Ayurvedic practice and training. On the completion of training Vagbhata found himself ostracized by Brahmans whereupon he left Sichudesa on a long journey which ended in Kerala. There he found intelligent and admiring pupils among the Namputiris who were hungry for Ayurvedic knowledge. According to this belief he establish the Astavaidya families each specializing in one branch of Ayurveda and all depending on AH as their therapeutic manual. Unfortunately no evidence of Ayurveda and Astangahrdaya in Sri Lanka believe that Vagbhata lived in the island after his departure form Sind.
Transliteration Chart | |
Preface | |
Quotes form Vagbhata | |
Introduction | |
|
|
Chapter 1: Ayurveda an Overview Divine origin of Ayurveda – eight divisions – dosas and properties – dhatus and malas – tastes – substances (dravya) and qualities (guna) – health and disease – principles of treatment - prognosis |
1 |
|
|
Chapter 2: A Code for Healthy conduct (Svastavrtta) A day in Healthy living – sleep – sexual intercourse – general and personal conduct – unacceptable conduct |
8 |
Chapter 3: Life in Harmony with seasons (rtucarya) Six seasons – lifestyle changes to suit the seasons |
15 |
|
|
Chapter 4: Liquids as food (dravadravya) Water for different sources – milk and Milk products- sugarcane juice and products – oils- wines- urines |
21 |
Chapter 5: Food (annasvarupa) Classification – awned cereals – pulses – prepared foods – meats- greens – fruit – medication – salts- alkalis - plants |
33 |
Chapter 6: Food Safety (annaraksa) Signs of positioned food and drinks – signs of poison giver – tests for poisoned food – disease caused by poisons – incompatible food adaptation and de adaptation to food |
54 |
Chapter 7: Measure of food for health (matrasitiya) adequate quantity of food – alasaka, ajirna – code for dining – unacceptable and acceptable food for regular use – after drinks |
60 |
|
|
Chapter 8: Pancabhutas as the stuff of existence(dravyavijnana) Pancabhutas – properties – taste – potency, post digestive taste, specific effective action (prabhava) |
66 |
Chapter 9: Tastes (rasas) Six primary tastes- properties – actions of tastes- classification of substances according to taste- combination of tastes |
70 |
Chapter 10: Dosas, tissues (dhatus) wastes(malas) Basic components of the body Three Dosas and their actions – tissues – manifestations of excess in tissues malas – deficiency of dosas tissues and malas treatments of increase in dosas – fires (agnis) in the body – ojas |
76 |
Chapter 11: Dosas, (dosabhediya) Locations and divisions of three dosas- accumulations and perturbation of dosas- general features of dosa perturbation - classification of diseases based on the origin –guidelines for the physician in examining patients.
|
83 |
of the Body (sarira) |
|
Chapter 12: Procreation Pregnancy and fetal development (garbhotpatti, garbhavakrantiya) Menstruation – semen and Menstrual blood-rituals associated with conception –antenatal care – congenital anomalies- fetal development –delivery –postnatal care
|
91 |
Chapter 13:Disorders of pregnancy (garbhavyapat) Abortion- fetal anomalies- fetal death – extraction of placenta- abdominal delivery –protection of pregnancy – false pregnancy
|
100 |
Chapter 14: Body parts and function (angavibhaga) Major and accessory parts – maternal and paternal contribution to body composition –skin membranes (kalas), hollow and other viscera- tendons muscles none’s – veins suitable and unsuitable for vensection – sirasand dhamanis –digestive fire – digestion of food –medical triads –measure of body tissues – body constitution (dehapraktri) and dosa prakrti – ideal physique
|
106 |
Chapter 15: Vital Spots (marmas) Location in the body – consequences of injury – vital sports in relation to tissues and structure – clinical features of injury prognosis – measure of vital spots – sequelae of injury
|
122 |
|
|
Chapter 16: Management of perturbed dosas ((dosopakrama) Disease induced by vata, pitta and kapha – principles of treatment – dosas lodged in other than native locations- dosas mixed with poorly digested food – management of dosas during change of seasons – time for ingestion of drugs
|
131 |
Chapter 17: Increasing (brmhana, santarpana) and reducing (langhana, apatarpana) the body mass Reducing the body mass and persons requiring it – increasing body mass and persons requiring it – therapy for increasing and decreasing body mass – complication of over treatment
|
136 |
Chapter 18: Groups of drugs for evacuative and other measures (sodhanadi group) thirty three groups and functions in therapeutics
|
141 |
Chapter 19: Herbal drugs (bhesajakalpa) Five decoctions –features – dosage – cooking procedure - weights and measures –geographical influences on drugs
|
147 |
Chapter 20: Lubricant therapy (snehana) four lubricants – persons requiring bared form lubricant therapy – time for therapy – aftercare – signs of satisfactory lubrication – emergency lubricant therapy
|
152 |
Chapter 21: Fomentation (svedana) Four methods- principles of application procedure – excess treatment – person appropriate and inappropriate for receiving treatment – fermentation without fire
|
159 |
Chapter 22: Emesis and purgation (vamana,virecana) Appropriate and inappropriate condition for emesis- procedure for emesis – aftercare – appropriate and inappropriate condition for purgation – poor results – aftercare
|
164 |
Chapter 23:Emetics and purgative; medical formulations; complications (vamankalpa, virencankalpa) Emetics – madana jimuta, iksvaku dhamargava ksveda, kutaja - medical formulations –purgatives –trivrt rajavrksa tilvaka, sudha snakhini – saptala, danti dravanti haritaki – medicinal formulations – complications due to inadequate or excess use
|
171 |
Chapter 24: Enemas (Vasti) Non-lubricant enema – condition and persons appropriate/ inappropriate for the procedure –lubricant enemas – condition and persons appropriate/ inappropriate for the procedure – equipment for enema – technique – enemas for dosa disorders special enemas –urethral and vaginal enema
|
187 |
Chapter 25: More on enemas ( vastikalpa) Non-lubricant enemas – applications in dosa – dominant diseases - idea enemas; lubricant enemas – classified compilation of enemas – post enemas, management
|
197 |
Chapter 26: Nasal Purging (nasya) Three methods – persons and conditions – inappropriate and appropriate for the procedure – technique – time for the procedure – aftercare
|
211 |
Chapter 27: Others procedures smoking (dhumapana) gargling (kabaja) Three grades of medicate smoking – persons and conditions barred form smoking – gargles – equipment – procedure – drugs for medicinal smoke – gargles – local application inside the mouth and on the face – application of oil pouch in the head
|
217 |
Chapter 28:Produres for eye care (ascyotana, anjana) Eye drops; collyrium – conditions inappropriate for the use of collyrium – time of application – technique tarpana and putapaka – procedure
|
225 |
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|
Chapter 29: Blunt instruments (yantras) Uses- classification into cruciform, forceps, tubular rod-like hooks with subtypes – animal horn and gourd – accessory instruments
|
231 |
Chapter 30: Sharp instruments (sastras) Twenty-six types – description and surgical applications - application of leeches –procedure
|
239 |
Chapter 31: Vensection (siravyadh) Condition appropriate and inappropriate for consecution - choice of location – procedure – special sites- aftercare
|
248 |
Chapter 32: Removal of foreign bodies (salyaharana) Sings of foreign bodies in different locations – treatments and guidelines
|
254 |
Chapter 33: Surgical operations (sastrakarma) Draining abscesses – pre and post operative care – management of traumatic wounds- bandaging – chronic ulcers
|
260 |
Chapter 34: Cauterization (ksaragnikarma) alkaline cautery – inappropriate conditions for use – preparation and durable qualities alkalis –cauterization procedure- thermal cattery –appropriate and inappropriate use of cauterization
|
268 |
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|
Chapter 35: causation and clinical course of diseases (nidana, purvarupa, rupa, upasaya, samprapti) Cause – premonitory sign and clinical features – causes for increase in dosas
|
275 |
Chapter 36: Fevers (jvara) fevers caused by vata pitta and kapha singly or jointly – caused by external agents- other classification of fevers – treatment -evacuative procedures – diet role of ghee milk – medicinal formulation – treatment of complex fevers
|
279 |
Chapter 37: Pitta included bleeding disease (raktapitta) Premonitory signs- clinical features – treatments – pacificatory and evacuative measures – dietary preparations- medicinal formulation
|
305 |
Chapter 38: Cough (kasa) Different types of cough – treatment of cough due to vata, pitta, kapha excess- diet-medicinal formulations – cough following chest injury and treatment – cough in phthisis
|
312 |
Chapter 39: Shortness of breath hiccup (svasa; hikka) Five years of shortness of breath and hiccup – treatments - evacuative measures – medicinal formulation – other measures
|
332 |
Chapter 40: Phthisis and allied conditions (sosa) Causes – Premonitory signs and clinical features – treatment - evacuative and building up procedures – diet- formulations hoarseness – features – loss of appetite treatment excessive salivation and treatment vomiting and treatment –heart disease treatments morbid thirst and treatment
|
342 |
Chapter 41: Alcoholic intoxication (madatyaya) Stages of intoxication – clinical features- fainting – coma – treatment – wine as antidote – formulation – role of milk – in praise of wine – treatment of non alcoholic intoxication
|
368 |
Chapter 42: Diarrhea (arisara) Clinical features – different classification – treatments of unripe and ripe diarrheas- dysentery – rectal prolapsed- enemas puttapaka etc. in treatment – diarrhea induced by dosas and treatment
|
383 |
Chapter 43: Bowel disorder (grahani) clinical features – classification – treatments of different types formulations – role of fate in enhancing digestive power
|
397 |
Chapter 44: Polyrias (prameha) Twenty types – clinical features – complications – treatments evacuative measures – medicinal formulations
|
408 |
Chapter 45: Abscess (vidradhi) Six types – clinical feature – complications – prognosis - treatment – medical procedures – local measures – formulations internal abscesses of treatment
|
418 |
Chapter 46: Disease of pallor (panduroga) five types and clinical features – jaundice – treatment – medicinal formulations – treatments of jaundice
|
425 |
Chapter 47: Vata disorders (vatayadhi) clinical features according to the location of vata – general treatment for vata excess- specific treatment for different condition – important formulations
|
433 |
Chapter 48: Vata induced blood disorders gout like Disorders (vatasonita, vatarakta) Clinical features according to the vitiation of dosas- vata perturbations alone or with other dosas dhauts and malas interference of ate by other dosas and among its divisions - general treatment and specific treatments for individual condition – medicinal formulations
|
446 |
Chapter 49: Swelling (sopha) Causes – clinical features – treatment – dietary regimen- evacuative measures – formulations – local treatments
|
461 |
Chapter 50: Cellulitis (visarpa) Clinical features – different types – treatment – general and local formulations
|
469 |
Chapter 51: Diseases caused by suppression of physical urges (vega) Clinical features and treatment of each – general guidelines
|
476 |
(kaumarabhrtya) |
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Chapter 52:Case of the Newborn (balopacarniya) Attendance at birth – breast feeding – naming ceremony – care of the infant – piercing the ear- waning – medicated ghess
|
481 |
Chapter 53: Diseases of children (balamayas) Breast Milk, healthy and unhealthy – recognition of pain in children – diseases caused by dosas – vitiated breast milk diseases caused by eruption of teeth – treatment in general phthisis in children – rectal ulcers
|
487 |
Chapter 54: Diseases in children caused by evil spirits (balagrahas) twelve balagrahas – clinical features on seizure by each – purpose of seizure – treatment – medicinal formulations - fumigation sacrificial rituals
|
495 |
|
|
Chapter 55: Superhuman power in humans (bhutacijnaniya) vulnerable moments – timing of seizure by sprits – traits following seizure – treatment – formulations – sacred rituals
|
502 |
|
|
Chapter 56: Insanity (unmade) Causes and types – treatment – medicinal formulations - miscellaneous measures
|
513 |
|
|
Chapter 57: Seizure disorder ( apasmara) Causes and types – treatment – medicinal formulations
|
519 |
|
|
Chapter 58: Poisons : Fixed and Mobile (Visa; Sthavara and jangama) Properties of poisons – stages of poisoning – medicinal formulation as antidotes – delayed poisons – artificial poisons potentiation of poisons – treatment
|
523 |
Chapter 59: Snake Bites (sarpavisa) Types and morphological features of poisonous snakes – varieties of bites –stages of poisoning – bites defying cure – treatment - vensection protection of the heart – medicinal formulations
|
530 |
Chapter 60: Bites by insects spiders (kitalutadi visa) Bites bu insects including scorpion – clinical features – treatment - spider bites with clinical feature – clinical course and treatment
|
540 |
Chapter 61: Poisoning by bites of rats dogs (musika –alarkavisa) Types of rats – rabid dog- treatment of rat bite and dog bite
|
551 |
|
|
Chapter 62: Piles (arsas) Classification of types – promontory signs and clinical – features – piles in any rectal and other locations – treatment - cauterization – local and general measures – bloodletting - medical formulations and diet – enemas – management of bleeding piles
|
556 |
Chapter 63: Urinary obstruction (metrakrcchra) Twenty types – clinical feature of stone in the bladder
|
579 |
Chapter 64: Scrotal swelling (vrddhi) Seven types – clinical features – treatment – formulation - cautery
|
591 |
Chapter 65: Gaseous lumps of the abdomen (gulma) Causes – clinical features – blood included lump in women treatment of different types – evacuative measures – formulations surgical treatment – cauterization with alkali – diet- treatment of blood induced lumps
|
595 |
Chapter 66: Abdominal swelling (Udara) Types and clinical features – treatment – evacuative measures - specific formulations for each type – surgical measures
|
612 |
Chapter 67: leprosy (kustha) Seven types and clinical feature – location and clinical feature – treatment – evacuative measure – formulation – local measures venesection
|
630 |
Chapter 68: Leucoderma (svitra) Types based on dosas and clinical features – treatment
|
644 |
Chapter 69: Worm infestation (krmi) External and internal types – four kinds based on origin – species of worms – clinical features – treatment – evacuative measure - formulations
|
645 |
Chapter 70: Ulcers (Vrana) Externally and internally caused ulcers- fifteen types - prognosis – treatment – early and ripening stage – burst abscess - formulations – thermal cautery – traumatic wounds –local and general measures – ulcers in specific locations and treatment visceral injuries and treatment
|
651 |
Chapter 71: Fracture and dislocations (bhanga, sandhimukta) Fracture resistant to treatment – outline of treatment – reduction immobilization bandaging – fracture at specific sites
|
664 |
Chapter 72: Rectal fistula (bhangandara) Abscesses preceding fistula – different types of fistulae - Treatment – local measures including alkaline thermal cautery, sugery – medicinal formulations for internal and local use
|
669 |
Chapter 73: Glandular swellings tumours, filarial swelling, cervical glandular swellings sinus ulcer (grandhi, arbuda slipada apcat, nadi) Glandular swelling – nine types – treatment in the unripe and ripe stages – surgery Tumours – six years – treatment similar to glandular swellings filarial swelling – clinical features – treatment according to dosa dominance Cervical glandular swellings – clinical features – treatment evacuative measures formulations bloodletting – surgical excision Sinus ulcer-ulcer with sinus tracks- caused by dosas or foreign body – clinical features – treatment – fermentation – surgery including removal of foreign body – local applications
|
675 |
Chapter 74: Diseases of the genital organs (guhyaroga) Causes – twenty three types – clinical features – treatment – formulations – fermentation bloodletting – surgical measures – disease of the vagina – twenty types – clinical features – treatment – evacuative measures – medicated tampon formulation
|
685 |
Chapter 75: Minor diseases (ksudraroga) Thirty six types – clinical features – treatment – formulation bloodletting – evacuative therapy- surgical measures
|
698 |
|
|
Chapter 76: Disease of the year (karnaroga) twenty five types – clinical features – treatment of each type - evacuative and local measure – formulation – surgical repair of defects of ear nose and lips
|
706 |
Chapter 77: Disease of the Nose (Nasaroga) Thirteen types – clinical features – treatment of each type- evacuative measures and local applications – formulations
|
716 |
Chapter 78: Oral Disease (mukharoga) Disease of lips (11) – teeth (10)- gums (13) – tongue (6) palate (8) – throat (18) – clinical features – treatment for each condition – general measures such as evacuative therapy and blood letting – local measures such as fomentation gargle and application of pastes – formulations
|
722 |
Chapter 79: Disease of the Head (siroroga) Eleven types – clinical features – treatment – general measures including evacuative therapy and bloodletting – local measures such as fomentation application of pasts medicated smoking and application of head pouch – formulation
|
742 |
|
|
Chapter 80: Disease of the Eyelids (vartma) Disease of different parts of the eye – twenty four types of diseases of eyelids – clinical features – prognosis – treatment local application – surgical measures
|
752 |
Chapter 81: Disease of the fornix, sclera and cornea (sandhi –sita- asitaroga) Nine types affecting fornix – thirteen types affecting sclera- five types affecting cornea- guidelines to medical and surgical treatment – fermentation and techniques for each of three groups
|
760 |
Chapter 82: Vision Defect (drsti) Seven types – clinical features – treatment – medicinal formalities – preparations for animal sources – treatment fo timira based on dosa dominance – general conduct
|
771 |
Chapter 83: Blindness due to the disorders of lens (linganasa) Six types – clinical features – couching of lens – postoperative care – complications and management
|
787 |
Chapter 84: Global diseases of the eye (sarvaksiroga) Sixteen types – clinical features – specific treatment of each – formulation – general measures – prophylaxis
|
791 |
|
|
Chapter 85: Signs of imminent death (rista) Varieties fo signs – signs related to appearance sense organs, voice shadow, activates clinical features in different diseases - other signs
|
803 |
Chapter 86: Messengers omens dreams (duta nimitta, svapna) Inauspicious messengers – omens – auspicious inauspicious and mixed – dreams and their effects – auspicious dreams
|
814 |
|
|
Chapter 87: Rejuvenant therapy (rasayana) types of therapy – formulations – benefits – various drugs including lasuna and silajatu
|
823 |
|
|
Chapter 88: Virilising therapy (vajikarana) Benefits – formulation – erotics
|
841 |
Chapter 89: Epilogue List if major disease and remedies – efficacy of treatment about Astangahrdaya
|
846 |
Botanical Names
|
852 |
Glossary
|
885 |
Index
|
907 |