About the Book
It Is Now Widely
Recognized that gender analysis has both challenged and enriched many of the
standard assumptions and concepts that inform economic analysis of different
kinds, whether to do with paid work or unpaid work, peasant studies, care labor
and many other areas. Despite this, changes in economic policies have been few
and far between, and most do not translate into women-friendly economic
policies. Nor have the important contributions of women's studies research to
the field of economics standardly seen as a male
discipline - been given its due importance or recognition.
This collection of essays by some of the best
known academics and practitioners in the fields of economics, women's studies
and development, examine a wide range of areas in which women's studies has
made crucial contributions. They look at the market, the money economy, at
development policies, at water rights and at macroeconomic methodologies, in
order to address the question of why gender matters. Together they bring new
insights and new approaches to the question of how a gender analysis of
macroeconomic policies needs to be given wider acceptance and to be integrated
into policy and planning. Accessibly written and rigorously researched, this
book will be useful for academic and general readers, and for those in the
related fields of economics, development and gender studies.
About the Author
RITU DEWAN heads the Centre for Women's
Studies, Department of Economics at the University of Mumbai, and is also the
Coordinator of the Centre for Human Development. She has published widely and
has over 20 books and 60 articles on aspects of development economics, gender
economics, informal sector, rural economy, urban issues, labor markets,
small-scale industries, environment, displacement, health, conflict and human
rights. She is also a consultant to the Planning Commission of the Government
of India, United Nations, ILO, as well as Honorary Advisor to the Kashmir
Foundation for Peace and Democracy. Her research focus is generally the result
of the demands of several on-going movements.
K. SEETA PRABHU works with United
Nations Development Programme, India. She has guided
and supported the preparation of a large number of sub-national Human
Development Reports (HDRs) in India. Previously, she was Professor of
Development Economics at the University of Mumbai and has also been Visiting
Professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi as well as at the universities
of Oxford and Erasmus, Rotterdam. She has served as Advisor to the Planning
Commission, India, as well as the Reserve Bank, state governments and others.
Key among her publications are: Economic Reform and
Social Sector Development: A Study of Two Indian States and Reforming India's
Social Sector: Poverty, Nutrition, Health and Education.
Introduction
The issue of engendering macroeconomic theories
and policies has assumed special significance in the context of the increasing
importance of macroeconomic constructs and their differential impacts across
genders. Gender inequalities at micro and meso levels
have macro implications, there being a clear two-way interconnection. However,
the polemics as well as the conceptual analysis of inter-linkages in developing
countries are still in the formative stage, as are interconnected
methodological issues. The fundamental issue is that analysis of engendering
macroeconomic theories as well as policies has to be viewed in the context of
the market which is not only the primary economic concept but also the main
operative reality today. It is being increasingly accepted that markets are
imperfect rather than 'perfect' as traditionally assumed. The isolation of the
examination of gendered macroeconomic issues from fundamental alterations in
market structures therefore needs to be bridged.
One of the main consequences of increasing
market imperfections is the acceptance of the reduction of the poor, and
amongst them particularly women, into inactive agents in analytical concepts as
well as in reality, with little or no role to play in the determination of the
nature of their existence either as a class or a group. The urgent task is
therefore to re-examine the gendered role of the poor in the political economy
of macroeconomics as translated in the actuality of governance, and hence to
assess and argue for a more equitable and gender-aware systematic role for
State intervention in macro issues.
In recognition of this vacuum in polemics as
well as conceptual analysis, a two-day national conference on 'Engender in]
Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Policies' was organized in September 2005 by
the Centre for Women's Studies, Department of Economics, University of Mumbai,
supported by the Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD) Government of
India, and the United Nations Development Programme,
India Country Office under a joint project Promoting Gender Equality. This
volume contains selected papers presented at the conference (and subsequently
revised and rewritten) which together bring to the fore theoretical
possibilities and empirical implications of incorporating a gender dimension
into macroeconomics.
Wandana Sonalkar's essay on 'Gender and Development Microeconomic
Foundations and Macroeconomic Realities' focuses: on current controversies
about measuring the impact of recent global policy changes and economic
developments on the conditions of life of the people in developing countries
such a: India. The author argues that one useful way
to adequately address: the controversies would be to re-examine the underlying
concept: used in the construction of measures of development in terms 0 the
microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics from a gender perspective.
Accordingly, the concept of capabilities as put forward by Amartya
Sen is examined through a gender lens both as:
supplement to incomes in measuring well-being, and as an alternative to
utilities as a basis for measuring welfare.
The essay argues that the characterization and
quantification of poverty in areas where feudal production relations and
traditional forms of activity prevail involves certain assumptions about the
framework in which women and men exercise choices about world and consumption.
This includes analyses of whether the extension of the scope of the market
widens or restricts the set of alternative: available in the context of
wide-ranging changes in the macroeconomic environment as well as in economic
policy.
In their essay, Engendering Market Structure: A
Normative Analyses, Ritu Dewan
and Azania Thomas examine how markets reflect the 'behaviors of different
groups of people' and thus form part of an intrinsic blueprint that dictates
the functioning and outreach of macroeconomic theory as well as policy. They
argue that the definition of Pareto-efficiency which determines efficiency in
the market is exclusive when defining circumstances of gender discrimination;
for example, the Pareto efficient solution of a monopsonist
adopting wage discrimination according to gender is clearly in conflict with the
principle' of egalitarianism. Yet the strategy of profit maximization by a wage
discriminating monopsonist on the basis of gender can
easily be mistaken for an outcome that is socially inefficient. The process of
policy formation therefore needs to carefully take into account the kind of
normative measure being used especially when examining the links between gender
discrimination and market failure. Gender discrimination mayor may not lead to
'inefficient' outcomes within the context of imperfect markets. The authors
identify existing situations where gender discrimination does lead to market
failure and where there exist possibilities for policy interventions to develop
a stronger basis both on egalitarian and social efficiency grounds.
Illustrations depicting gender sensitive barriers to market entry include the
lack of access to information where women, among some of the many socially
disadvantaged groups, are far worse off when it comes to being isolated from,
say, credit or labour markets resulting primarily
from the dictates of historically defined gender constructs.
Interconnections between gender-sensitive
barriers to market access allow policy recommendations to target similar
solutions that would reduce discrimination on the grounds of market efficiency.
When one examines situations where gender discrimination is socially efficient,
then other normative criteria such as distributive justice or access to equal
opportunities are more likely to make gender sensitive policies effective.
Although gender-related development issues have
prompted serious debate, the absence of appropriate gender-aware macroeconomic
analytical tools has penalized quantitative analyses. For economy-wide
implications, the impact of macroeconomic policy can be analyzed succinctly by
using macroeconomic models. Anushree Sinha discusses the constraints of descriptive studies in
providing a robust causality in her essay 'Engendering Macroeconomic Modelling for Policy Analysis'.
The essay reviews the literature on engendering
macroeconomic models including the issues of measuring and incorporating
non-market work into a macro framework. Generally however, macroeconomic
analysis and modelling is carried out as if Pl.0
differences exist between women and men. Yet the evidence from studies that
have used gender-aware models confirms that better predictive results are
obtained with engendered data. More specifically, trade related modelling methodologies such as the Computable General
Equilibrium (CGE) models have the advantage of ascertaining general equilibrium
effects on different policy options. The economy wide general equilibrium
models need to consider the details of gender composition of the labour market and household work and capture information on
non-market work.
In this essay, the proposed CGE model is based
on the construction of an engendered Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The SAM is
developed with sectors that have important shares of women workers in different
economic activities, the mapping into different types of households being based
on NSSO's 55th Round survey data.
Taking the debate further and focusing on
institutional dimensions of including gender in macroeconomic frameworks, Romar Correa in his essay 'Macroeconomic Complexity and
Gender Economics' explores the role of capital as a principle coordinating both
production and exchange. The main objective of the analysis is to examine how
the strategies employed by different agents intersect and evolves, leading the
system in one direction rather than another. Surveying the literature on norms
and institutions, and moving further from micro foundations, the essay
appraises the post-Keynesian link between aggregate phenomena and gender,
concluding with an approach from the latter end of the divide which focuses on
the structural determinants of gender.
It is argued that the relationships between
people endure in institutional contexts which both enable and constrain tasks.
Long term contracts describe the non-market activities that take place within
households wherein are contingent commitments, liquidity Problems, the
acquisition and maintenance of capital goods, and borrowing and lending. As
households enter into economic transactions with each other, the macroeconomic
coordination problem reappears. If one forward contract is violated, a unit
will not receive expected income and will be rationed in other markets.
Ritu Dewan's essay, Indian Taxation Systems and Policies: A
Gendered Critique', that follows analyses the fiscal dimension in the Indian
context, an area that has remained relatively unexplored despite own-source
revenues being the fulcrum of the ongoing public debate on governmental
expenditures, provisioning and pricing. Consequently, the fundamental focus is
primarily on examining levels of gender non-neutrality inherent in the
theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the Indian taxation system and its
policies including identification of biases in major revenue-collection methods
separately for direct and indirect taxes.
Analysis is conducted both in economic terms as
well as in the context of the prevailing extra-economic gendered reality. The
implicit and explicit biases in both direct and indirect taxes examined include
those relating to personal income tax, gift tax, property tax, wealth tax,
corporation tax and VAT. Aspects focused on include female-headed households, individual and household decisions about
consumption, as well as production and investment, and also different personal
laws and regulations.
Other illustrations of patriarchal bias
presently operative in the Indian revenue system include the issue of standard
deductions; lack of tax concessions for child care; lack of sensitivity in
pension schemes for female-headed as well as single-person households;
non-existence of uniform conditional ties relating especially to medical
insurance; gender neutral tax laws for women-only and also women-centric
Cooperatives/ NGOs/ SHGs.
Taking the discussion on fiscal issues further,
Anjali Goyal's essay,
'Women's Empowerment through Gender Budgeting: A Review in the Indian Context',
explores the effectiveness of gender budgeting in its present form. The paper
emphasizes that most of the activities currently carried out in the name of
gender budgeting are ex post in nature and oriented more towards gender audits.
The initiatives reviewed include resource allocation and expenditure, sectoral audits, macro indicators like maternal mortality
rate, access to health, literacy rates, participation in local governance
structure including fiscal decentralization, employment statistics, and on.
The essay suggests that in isolation none of
the measures is: effective tool. Also reflected is the concern expressed in PI:
documents at the slow progress in achieving empowerment women despite
commitments at the policy level and at the plan nil stage. An alternative
approach is discussed under gender budgeting initiatives to remedy the
situation.
Turning to the field level experiences of
women, Alka Parikh discusses issues relating to water
in her essay, 'For a Few Pots Water: Water Rights and Subsidies'. It is argued
that the two central aspects of concern are availability as well as equitable
allocation of water. The National Water Policy has been allocating the highest
priority to drinking water, but the priority does n seem to have been
operational zed adequately, with water allocation continuing to be urban
centric and with a strong elitist bias. Parikh discusses "Issues of ground
water and its privatization, proper regimes, costing and subsidies, the
difficulty in raising water price being perceived as a political issue rather
than an economic on The essay ends with a suggestive model for water allocation
which includes the declaration of ground water as community property at least
for satisfying domestic needs, exclusion operation and maintenance costs from
subsidies, and the conferring: of water rights on women.
Highlighting issues relating to rights of women
in the heal sector, Ravi Duggal in his essay
'Engendering Health Rights the New Global Economy' draws attention to health
increasing becoming a trade able commodity, its delivery being privatized and
the role of corporate increasing, thus rendering India high!: vulnerable. The
GATS mechanism accentuates the problem India is unable to use the exemption
clause in GATS negotiation for the health sector owing to the prevailing
political economy having signed the WTO treaty on IPR, the country is moving
closer to international prices of drugs.
Contents
Introduction |
1 |
Gender arid Development: Microeconomic Foundations and Macroeconomic Realities |
9 |
Engendering market structure: A normative analysis |
26 |
Engendering macroeconomic modelling for Policy Analysis. |
51 |
Macroeconomic. Complexity and Gender Economics |
93 |
Indian Taxation Systems and Policies: A Gendered Critique |
117 |
Women's Empowerment through Gender Budgeting: A Review in the Indian Context |
139 |
For a Few Pots of Water: Water Rights and Subsidies |
172 |
Engendering Health Rights in the new Global Economy |
194 |
Macroeconomic Methodologies, Approaches, and Policies: Why Gender Matters |
208 |
Notes on Contributors |
234 |
About the Book
It Is Now Widely
Recognized that gender analysis has both challenged and enriched many of the
standard assumptions and concepts that inform economic analysis of different
kinds, whether to do with paid work or unpaid work, peasant studies, care labor
and many other areas. Despite this, changes in economic policies have been few
and far between, and most do not translate into women-friendly economic
policies. Nor have the important contributions of women's studies research to
the field of economics standardly seen as a male
discipline - been given its due importance or recognition.
This collection of essays by some of the best
known academics and practitioners in the fields of economics, women's studies
and development, examine a wide range of areas in which women's studies has
made crucial contributions. They look at the market, the money economy, at
development policies, at water rights and at macroeconomic methodologies, in
order to address the question of why gender matters. Together they bring new
insights and new approaches to the question of how a gender analysis of
macroeconomic policies needs to be given wider acceptance and to be integrated
into policy and planning. Accessibly written and rigorously researched, this
book will be useful for academic and general readers, and for those in the
related fields of economics, development and gender studies.
About the Author
RITU DEWAN heads the Centre for Women's
Studies, Department of Economics at the University of Mumbai, and is also the
Coordinator of the Centre for Human Development. She has published widely and
has over 20 books and 60 articles on aspects of development economics, gender
economics, informal sector, rural economy, urban issues, labor markets,
small-scale industries, environment, displacement, health, conflict and human
rights. She is also a consultant to the Planning Commission of the Government
of India, United Nations, ILO, as well as Honorary Advisor to the Kashmir
Foundation for Peace and Democracy. Her research focus is generally the result
of the demands of several on-going movements.
K. SEETA PRABHU works with United
Nations Development Programme, India. She has guided
and supported the preparation of a large number of sub-national Human
Development Reports (HDRs) in India. Previously, she was Professor of
Development Economics at the University of Mumbai and has also been Visiting
Professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi as well as at the universities
of Oxford and Erasmus, Rotterdam. She has served as Advisor to the Planning
Commission, India, as well as the Reserve Bank, state governments and others.
Key among her publications are: Economic Reform and
Social Sector Development: A Study of Two Indian States and Reforming India's
Social Sector: Poverty, Nutrition, Health and Education.
Introduction
The issue of engendering macroeconomic theories
and policies has assumed special significance in the context of the increasing
importance of macroeconomic constructs and their differential impacts across
genders. Gender inequalities at micro and meso levels
have macro implications, there being a clear two-way interconnection. However,
the polemics as well as the conceptual analysis of inter-linkages in developing
countries are still in the formative stage, as are interconnected
methodological issues. The fundamental issue is that analysis of engendering
macroeconomic theories as well as policies has to be viewed in the context of
the market which is not only the primary economic concept but also the main
operative reality today. It is being increasingly accepted that markets are
imperfect rather than 'perfect' as traditionally assumed. The isolation of the
examination of gendered macroeconomic issues from fundamental alterations in
market structures therefore needs to be bridged.
One of the main consequences of increasing
market imperfections is the acceptance of the reduction of the poor, and
amongst them particularly women, into inactive agents in analytical concepts as
well as in reality, with little or no role to play in the determination of the
nature of their existence either as a class or a group. The urgent task is
therefore to re-examine the gendered role of the poor in the political economy
of macroeconomics as translated in the actuality of governance, and hence to
assess and argue for a more equitable and gender-aware systematic role for
State intervention in macro issues.
In recognition of this vacuum in polemics as
well as conceptual analysis, a two-day national conference on 'Engender in]
Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Policies' was organized in September 2005 by
the Centre for Women's Studies, Department of Economics, University of Mumbai,
supported by the Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD) Government of
India, and the United Nations Development Programme,
India Country Office under a joint project Promoting Gender Equality. This
volume contains selected papers presented at the conference (and subsequently
revised and rewritten) which together bring to the fore theoretical
possibilities and empirical implications of incorporating a gender dimension
into macroeconomics.
Wandana Sonalkar's essay on 'Gender and Development Microeconomic
Foundations and Macroeconomic Realities' focuses: on current controversies
about measuring the impact of recent global policy changes and economic
developments on the conditions of life of the people in developing countries
such a: India. The author argues that one useful way
to adequately address: the controversies would be to re-examine the underlying
concept: used in the construction of measures of development in terms 0 the
microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics from a gender perspective.
Accordingly, the concept of capabilities as put forward by Amartya
Sen is examined through a gender lens both as:
supplement to incomes in measuring well-being, and as an alternative to
utilities as a basis for measuring welfare.
The essay argues that the characterization and
quantification of poverty in areas where feudal production relations and
traditional forms of activity prevail involves certain assumptions about the
framework in which women and men exercise choices about world and consumption.
This includes analyses of whether the extension of the scope of the market
widens or restricts the set of alternative: available in the context of
wide-ranging changes in the macroeconomic environment as well as in economic
policy.
In their essay, Engendering Market Structure: A
Normative Analyses, Ritu Dewan
and Azania Thomas examine how markets reflect the 'behaviors of different
groups of people' and thus form part of an intrinsic blueprint that dictates
the functioning and outreach of macroeconomic theory as well as policy. They
argue that the definition of Pareto-efficiency which determines efficiency in
the market is exclusive when defining circumstances of gender discrimination;
for example, the Pareto efficient solution of a monopsonist
adopting wage discrimination according to gender is clearly in conflict with the
principle' of egalitarianism. Yet the strategy of profit maximization by a wage
discriminating monopsonist on the basis of gender can
easily be mistaken for an outcome that is socially inefficient. The process of
policy formation therefore needs to carefully take into account the kind of
normative measure being used especially when examining the links between gender
discrimination and market failure. Gender discrimination mayor may not lead to
'inefficient' outcomes within the context of imperfect markets. The authors
identify existing situations where gender discrimination does lead to market
failure and where there exist possibilities for policy interventions to develop
a stronger basis both on egalitarian and social efficiency grounds.
Illustrations depicting gender sensitive barriers to market entry include the
lack of access to information where women, among some of the many socially
disadvantaged groups, are far worse off when it comes to being isolated from,
say, credit or labour markets resulting primarily
from the dictates of historically defined gender constructs.
Interconnections between gender-sensitive
barriers to market access allow policy recommendations to target similar
solutions that would reduce discrimination on the grounds of market efficiency.
When one examines situations where gender discrimination is socially efficient,
then other normative criteria such as distributive justice or access to equal
opportunities are more likely to make gender sensitive policies effective.
Although gender-related development issues have
prompted serious debate, the absence of appropriate gender-aware macroeconomic
analytical tools has penalized quantitative analyses. For economy-wide
implications, the impact of macroeconomic policy can be analyzed succinctly by
using macroeconomic models. Anushree Sinha discusses the constraints of descriptive studies in
providing a robust causality in her essay 'Engendering Macroeconomic Modelling for Policy Analysis'.
The essay reviews the literature on engendering
macroeconomic models including the issues of measuring and incorporating
non-market work into a macro framework. Generally however, macroeconomic
analysis and modelling is carried out as if Pl.0
differences exist between women and men. Yet the evidence from studies that
have used gender-aware models confirms that better predictive results are
obtained with engendered data. More specifically, trade related modelling methodologies such as the Computable General
Equilibrium (CGE) models have the advantage of ascertaining general equilibrium
effects on different policy options. The economy wide general equilibrium
models need to consider the details of gender composition of the labour market and household work and capture information on
non-market work.
In this essay, the proposed CGE model is based
on the construction of an engendered Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The SAM is
developed with sectors that have important shares of women workers in different
economic activities, the mapping into different types of households being based
on NSSO's 55th Round survey data.
Taking the debate further and focusing on
institutional dimensions of including gender in macroeconomic frameworks, Romar Correa in his essay 'Macroeconomic Complexity and
Gender Economics' explores the role of capital as a principle coordinating both
production and exchange. The main objective of the analysis is to examine how
the strategies employed by different agents intersect and evolves, leading the
system in one direction rather than another. Surveying the literature on norms
and institutions, and moving further from micro foundations, the essay
appraises the post-Keynesian link between aggregate phenomena and gender,
concluding with an approach from the latter end of the divide which focuses on
the structural determinants of gender.
It is argued that the relationships between
people endure in institutional contexts which both enable and constrain tasks.
Long term contracts describe the non-market activities that take place within
households wherein are contingent commitments, liquidity Problems, the
acquisition and maintenance of capital goods, and borrowing and lending. As
households enter into economic transactions with each other, the macroeconomic
coordination problem reappears. If one forward contract is violated, a unit
will not receive expected income and will be rationed in other markets.
Ritu Dewan's essay, Indian Taxation Systems and Policies: A
Gendered Critique', that follows analyses the fiscal dimension in the Indian
context, an area that has remained relatively unexplored despite own-source
revenues being the fulcrum of the ongoing public debate on governmental
expenditures, provisioning and pricing. Consequently, the fundamental focus is
primarily on examining levels of gender non-neutrality inherent in the
theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the Indian taxation system and its
policies including identification of biases in major revenue-collection methods
separately for direct and indirect taxes.
Analysis is conducted both in economic terms as
well as in the context of the prevailing extra-economic gendered reality. The
implicit and explicit biases in both direct and indirect taxes examined include
those relating to personal income tax, gift tax, property tax, wealth tax,
corporation tax and VAT. Aspects focused on include female-headed households, individual and household decisions about
consumption, as well as production and investment, and also different personal
laws and regulations.
Other illustrations of patriarchal bias
presently operative in the Indian revenue system include the issue of standard
deductions; lack of tax concessions for child care; lack of sensitivity in
pension schemes for female-headed as well as single-person households;
non-existence of uniform conditional ties relating especially to medical
insurance; gender neutral tax laws for women-only and also women-centric
Cooperatives/ NGOs/ SHGs.
Taking the discussion on fiscal issues further,
Anjali Goyal's essay,
'Women's Empowerment through Gender Budgeting: A Review in the Indian Context',
explores the effectiveness of gender budgeting in its present form. The paper
emphasizes that most of the activities currently carried out in the name of
gender budgeting are ex post in nature and oriented more towards gender audits.
The initiatives reviewed include resource allocation and expenditure, sectoral audits, macro indicators like maternal mortality
rate, access to health, literacy rates, participation in local governance
structure including fiscal decentralization, employment statistics, and on.
The essay suggests that in isolation none of
the measures is: effective tool. Also reflected is the concern expressed in PI:
documents at the slow progress in achieving empowerment women despite
commitments at the policy level and at the plan nil stage. An alternative
approach is discussed under gender budgeting initiatives to remedy the
situation.
Turning to the field level experiences of
women, Alka Parikh discusses issues relating to water
in her essay, 'For a Few Pots Water: Water Rights and Subsidies'. It is argued
that the two central aspects of concern are availability as well as equitable
allocation of water. The National Water Policy has been allocating the highest
priority to drinking water, but the priority does n seem to have been
operational zed adequately, with water allocation continuing to be urban
centric and with a strong elitist bias. Parikh discusses "Issues of ground
water and its privatization, proper regimes, costing and subsidies, the
difficulty in raising water price being perceived as a political issue rather
than an economic on The essay ends with a suggestive model for water allocation
which includes the declaration of ground water as community property at least
for satisfying domestic needs, exclusion operation and maintenance costs from
subsidies, and the conferring: of water rights on women.
Highlighting issues relating to rights of women
in the heal sector, Ravi Duggal in his essay
'Engendering Health Rights the New Global Economy' draws attention to health
increasing becoming a trade able commodity, its delivery being privatized and
the role of corporate increasing, thus rendering India high!: vulnerable. The
GATS mechanism accentuates the problem India is unable to use the exemption
clause in GATS negotiation for the health sector owing to the prevailing
political economy having signed the WTO treaty on IPR, the country is moving
closer to international prices of drugs.
Contents
Introduction |
1 |
Gender arid Development: Microeconomic Foundations and Macroeconomic Realities |
9 |
Engendering market structure: A normative analysis |
26 |
Engendering macroeconomic modelling for Policy Analysis. |
51 |
Macroeconomic. Complexity and Gender Economics |
93 |
Indian Taxation Systems and Policies: A Gendered Critique |
117 |
Women's Empowerment through Gender Budgeting: A Review in the Indian Context |
139 |
For a Few Pots of Water: Water Rights and Subsidies |
172 |
Engendering Health Rights in the new Global Economy |
194 |
Macroeconomic Methodologies, Approaches, and Policies: Why Gender Matters |
208 |
Notes on Contributors |
234 |