Foreword
The publication of this volume completes" THE HISTORY AND CULTURE
OF THE INDIJ\N PEOPLE" Series published by the Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, Bombay. It was originally planned to
consist of only ten volumes; and the first six volumes, ending with the history
of the Delhi Sultanate, were published between 1951 and 1960.
In the meanwhile the idea had gradually gained ground that the British
period of Indian history ending with the independence of India. was so important both from practical and sentimental points
of view that it must take precedence over the other volumes and should be dealt
with in three volumes instead of two, assigned to it. So
Volumes IX, X and XI, dealing with the British rule in India, were published
between 1963 and 1969. Volume VII dealing with the Mughul
period was then taken up and published in 1974. The present Volume VIII,
dealing with the period from 1707 to 1818, completes the scheme, initiated in
1944, of writing the history and culture of the Indian people from the earliest
times.
The project of writing this history was conceived by Dr. K. M. Munshi and the idea lying behind it is stated by him in the
following words in the Foreword to Vol. I of this series:
"In the course of my studies I had long felt the inadequacy of our
so-called Indian histories. For many years, therefore, I was. planning an elaborate history of India in order not only
that India's past might be described by her sons, but also that the world might
catch a glimpse of her soul as Indians see it. The Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, an educational society which 1 founded
in 1938, took over the scheme. It was; however, realized only in. 1944, when my
generous friend Mr. G.D. Birla, one of India's foremost industrialists, lent me
his co-operation and the support of the Shri Krishnarpan
Charity Trust of which he is the Chairman. As a result, 'The Bharatiya Itihas Samiti', the Academy of Indian History, was formed with the
specific object of preparing this series, now styled" THE HISTORY AND
CULTURE OF THE INDIAN PEOPLE. "
In the same Foreword Dr. Munshi defined the
scope and object of history (quoted again in Vol. VII, p. vii) which have
always been kept in view by the Editor in preparing this series:
When, in 1944,'
Munshiji conceived the project of writing this his- tory,
there were two other schemes of writing such a history of India, respectively,'
in twenty and twelve volumes. Only two volumes of each of these projects have
been so far published. This clearly indicates the handicaps under which such
projects have to be carried out in this country and is cited here not as an
excuse or explanation of the long period of thirty-two years required for, the
completion of this series of eleven volumes, containing about 9,000 pages, 283 plates and 20 maps.
When I naturally feel a sense of relief and exaltation that I have
lived long enough to see the completion of the hardest and most arduous and
ambitious literary work in my life, I cannot but recall without deep. sorrow that Munshiji is no longer
with me to share this emotion. Fortunately, Gunanidhi
Shri Ghanshyamdas Birla, whose munificent donation
enabled Munshiji to start this project, as mentioned
above, is still with us to see the completion of the project.
I take this opportunity to offer my heart-felt thanks to the scholars
-about seventy-five in number-who have enriched this series by their contributions. Many of
them, alas! are no longer with us to share our joy. To
this category belongs Dr. A. D. Pusalkar, the
Assistant Editor of the first six volumes. I cannot express in words the deep
obligations I owe to him for helping me in various ways in preparing the first
six volumes. I take this opportunity to place on record my deep obligations to
the other Assistant Editors who rendered very valuable service in preparing
this series. These are Dr. A. K. Majumdar, Dr. J. N. Chaudhuri,
Dr. D. K. Ghose, Dr. S. Chaudhuri and Dr. V. G. Dighe, who are all happily alive to share my joy at the
completion of this series of, eleven volumes.
I also convey' my thanks to the editors of the various journals whose
favourable reviews of the different volumes proved to be a great source of
inspiration and enthusiasm that sustained me in carrying on this arduous task
of editing the eleven volumes. I still remember how encouraged I felt when I
read the review of the Five Volume in the Times Literary Supplement containing the following appreciative
remarks: “This history, unlike its predecessors, is first and foremost a
history of India and of her people, rather than a history of those who have
invaded her from time to time. The standard, in a word, is very high...”
Today, when this 32-yearold scheme has had a successful completion, the
88 year old Editor considers it as the proudest day in his life and takes leave
of the readers of this series by uttering Nune Dimittis,
Oh my Lord, let
me die in peace.
Preface
This volume deals with the history of India from the death of Aurangzib (1707) to the Third Maratha War (1818). It was an
eventful period that witnessed the end of Muslim rule, the rise and fall of the
Maratha Empire and the foundation of the British Empire in India.
The period began with political disintegration leading to struggle for
power, not only
among the Indian States but also between the French and the British trading
companies in India. This chaotic political situation facilitated, if not
invited, foreign invasions, notably those of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali, which, bear comparison, both in nature and effect,
with those of Sultan Mahmud and Tamerlane.
But there is no cloud without a silver lining. This period of political
disruption leading to great disasters also witnessed the rise of great
personalities-not less than ten within a century'-that shed lustre on the age.
These were Balaji Vishwanath, Baji
Rao I, Nana Phadnis, Mahidji Sindia, Haidar 'Ali, Ranjit Singh, Robert Clive, J. F. Dupleix,
Warren Hastings, and Marquess Richard Colley
Wellesley.
But the political history, highly important though it was, was not the
only important feature of the period. It paved the way for India's transition
from the Medieval to the Modem Age in the nineteenth century. It was during
this period that India first came into close contact with the Western
World-Europe and America- which was big with future consequences so far as
Indian culture is concerned. It brought about those remarkable changes' in
almost all aspects of Indian culture "in the nineteenth century, which is
generally referred to as Indian Renaissance. It was during' the period under
review that the Indians first learned the English language, which may be regarded
as the most important single factor that brought about those far-reaching
changes in Indian life, thought and education as well as social and- religious
concepts in the course of one hundred years in the 19th century, such as were
not noticed during the previous thousand years. That the nineteenth century
India was a New India was mainly due to those forces and factors which began to
influence India during the period under review. To realise this truth, it
"is only necessary to point out that the Fort William College was founded
in 1800 and the Hindu College was established in Calcutta in 1817. The Pandits of the Fort William College laid the foundation of
modem Bengali language and literature, which served as the model
,or the rest of India, while at the Hindu College the young generations
of Bengalis imbibed the ideas of free thinking and social and political
reforms. And these formed the foundation on which New India was built.
Against this background of all-round signs of progress must be seen the
deterioration in the economic condition to such an extent that it would be
hardly an exaggeration to say that India, which was one ·of the wealthiest
countries in the world, sank to the position of one of the poorest in the world
during the period under re- view; This was as much due to the British rule in
India as the brighter features of cultural regeneration noticed above. The
ruthless economic exploitation of India by the British was undoubtedly the
cause of the deplorable poverty in India following the ruin of trade and
industry by the unfair competition of British merchants and manufacturers aided
by the political power of Britain.
Many of the chapters were written long ago, and the Editor places on
record his deep regret at the death of Prof. C. S. Srinivasachari,
Prof. S. V. Puntambekar, Prof. Biman
Behari Majumdar, Dr. N. K. Sinha and Prof. D. N. Banerjee
who contributed scholarly chapters to this volume.
My special thanks are due to Dr. V. G. Dighe
not only for his contributions to this volume but also for the valuable service
he rendered as Assistant Editor. Owing to my serious illness while this volume
was in the press, the editorial work had mainly to be carried on by him, and t am deeply grateful to him for
his ungrudging per- formance of this duty with
conspicuous success.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Dr. C. M. Kulkarni
for the help I received from him and to the several contributors for the
services Tendered by them in the preparation of this volume.
There is no separate Chapter on Art in this volume as the art of this
period has already been dealt with in Chapter XLV of Vol. XI of the Series.
Before I take leave of this stupendous project, it is my pleasant duty
to thank the staff of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan for the devotion they have shown in this work
throughout the long period of thirty-two
years. I· would specially like to mention the very capable Executive Secretary,
Shri S. Ramakrishnan, whose sustained interest in
this project made it possible to complete the History Series. The former
Production Manager Shri S. G. Tolat and his
successors Shri M. K. Rajagopalan (who died
prematurely in 1975), and Shri B. Srinivasa Rao, the
present holder of the post, have all bestowed great care in the printing and
publication of the present as well as the earlier volumes, for which I am much
indebted to them. i also take this opportunity to thank the Library authorities of the
University of Bombay and the Director of Archives, Government of Maharashtra,
for granting facilities to our contributors and editors to use their vast
treasure-houses.
The printing of this History Series was made possible because the Bhavan has behind it the experience and willing help of the
Associated Advertisers and Printers, and my thanks are also due to the staff of
the Press.
Foreword
The publication of this volume completes" THE HISTORY AND CULTURE
OF THE INDIJ\N PEOPLE" Series published by the Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, Bombay. It was originally planned to
consist of only ten volumes; and the first six volumes, ending with the history
of the Delhi Sultanate, were published between 1951 and 1960.
In the meanwhile the idea had gradually gained ground that the British
period of Indian history ending with the independence of India. was so important both from practical and sentimental points
of view that it must take precedence over the other volumes and should be dealt
with in three volumes instead of two, assigned to it. So
Volumes IX, X and XI, dealing with the British rule in India, were published
between 1963 and 1969. Volume VII dealing with the Mughul
period was then taken up and published in 1974. The present Volume VIII,
dealing with the period from 1707 to 1818, completes the scheme, initiated in
1944, of writing the history and culture of the Indian people from the earliest
times.
The project of writing this history was conceived by Dr. K. M. Munshi and the idea lying behind it is stated by him in the
following words in the Foreword to Vol. I of this series:
"In the course of my studies I had long felt the inadequacy of our
so-called Indian histories. For many years, therefore, I was. planning an elaborate history of India in order not only
that India's past might be described by her sons, but also that the world might
catch a glimpse of her soul as Indians see it. The Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, an educational society which 1 founded
in 1938, took over the scheme. It was; however, realized only in. 1944, when my
generous friend Mr. G.D. Birla, one of India's foremost industrialists, lent me
his co-operation and the support of the Shri Krishnarpan
Charity Trust of which he is the Chairman. As a result, 'The Bharatiya Itihas Samiti', the Academy of Indian History, was formed with the
specific object of preparing this series, now styled" THE HISTORY AND
CULTURE OF THE INDIAN PEOPLE. "
In the same Foreword Dr. Munshi defined the
scope and object of history (quoted again in Vol. VII, p. vii) which have
always been kept in view by the Editor in preparing this series:
When, in 1944,'
Munshiji conceived the project of writing this his- tory,
there were two other schemes of writing such a history of India, respectively,'
in twenty and twelve volumes. Only two volumes of each of these projects have
been so far published. This clearly indicates the handicaps under which such
projects have to be carried out in this country and is cited here not as an
excuse or explanation of the long period of thirty-two years required for, the
completion of this series of eleven volumes, containing about 9,000 pages, 283 plates and 20 maps.
When I naturally feel a sense of relief and exaltation that I have
lived long enough to see the completion of the hardest and most arduous and
ambitious literary work in my life, I cannot but recall without deep. sorrow that Munshiji is no longer
with me to share this emotion. Fortunately, Gunanidhi
Shri Ghanshyamdas Birla, whose munificent donation
enabled Munshiji to start this project, as mentioned
above, is still with us to see the completion of the project.
I take this opportunity to offer my heart-felt thanks to the scholars
-about seventy-five in number-who have enriched this series by their contributions. Many of
them, alas! are no longer with us to share our joy. To
this category belongs Dr. A. D. Pusalkar, the
Assistant Editor of the first six volumes. I cannot express in words the deep
obligations I owe to him for helping me in various ways in preparing the first
six volumes. I take this opportunity to place on record my deep obligations to
the other Assistant Editors who rendered very valuable service in preparing
this series. These are Dr. A. K. Majumdar, Dr. J. N. Chaudhuri,
Dr. D. K. Ghose, Dr. S. Chaudhuri and Dr. V. G. Dighe, who are all happily alive to share my joy at the
completion of this series of, eleven volumes.
I also convey' my thanks to the editors of the various journals whose
favourable reviews of the different volumes proved to be a great source of
inspiration and enthusiasm that sustained me in carrying on this arduous task
of editing the eleven volumes. I still remember how encouraged I felt when I
read the review of the Five Volume in the Times Literary Supplement containing the following appreciative
remarks: “This history, unlike its predecessors, is first and foremost a
history of India and of her people, rather than a history of those who have
invaded her from time to time. The standard, in a word, is very high...”
Today, when this 32-yearold scheme has had a successful completion, the
88 year old Editor considers it as the proudest day in his life and takes leave
of the readers of this series by uttering Nune Dimittis,
Oh my Lord, let
me die in peace.
Preface
This volume deals with the history of India from the death of Aurangzib (1707) to the Third Maratha War (1818). It was an
eventful period that witnessed the end of Muslim rule, the rise and fall of the
Maratha Empire and the foundation of the British Empire in India.
The period began with political disintegration leading to struggle for
power, not only
among the Indian States but also between the French and the British trading
companies in India. This chaotic political situation facilitated, if not
invited, foreign invasions, notably those of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali, which, bear comparison, both in nature and effect,
with those of Sultan Mahmud and Tamerlane.
But there is no cloud without a silver lining. This period of political
disruption leading to great disasters also witnessed the rise of great
personalities-not less than ten within a century'-that shed lustre on the age.
These were Balaji Vishwanath, Baji
Rao I, Nana Phadnis, Mahidji Sindia, Haidar 'Ali, Ranjit Singh, Robert Clive, J. F. Dupleix,
Warren Hastings, and Marquess Richard Colley
Wellesley.
But the political history, highly important though it was, was not the
only important feature of the period. It paved the way for India's transition
from the Medieval to the Modem Age in the nineteenth century. It was during
this period that India first came into close contact with the Western
World-Europe and America- which was big with future consequences so far as
Indian culture is concerned. It brought about those remarkable changes' in
almost all aspects of Indian culture "in the nineteenth century, which is
generally referred to as Indian Renaissance. It was during' the period under
review that the Indians first learned the English language, which may be regarded
as the most important single factor that brought about those far-reaching
changes in Indian life, thought and education as well as social and- religious
concepts in the course of one hundred years in the 19th century, such as were
not noticed during the previous thousand years. That the nineteenth century
India was a New India was mainly due to those forces and factors which began to
influence India during the period under review. To realise this truth, it
"is only necessary to point out that the Fort William College was founded
in 1800 and the Hindu College was established in Calcutta in 1817. The Pandits of the Fort William College laid the foundation of
modem Bengali language and literature, which served as the model
,or the rest of India, while at the Hindu College the young generations
of Bengalis imbibed the ideas of free thinking and social and political
reforms. And these formed the foundation on which New India was built.
Against this background of all-round signs of progress must be seen the
deterioration in the economic condition to such an extent that it would be
hardly an exaggeration to say that India, which was one ·of the wealthiest
countries in the world, sank to the position of one of the poorest in the world
during the period under re- view; This was as much due to the British rule in
India as the brighter features of cultural regeneration noticed above. The
ruthless economic exploitation of India by the British was undoubtedly the
cause of the deplorable poverty in India following the ruin of trade and
industry by the unfair competition of British merchants and manufacturers aided
by the political power of Britain.
Many of the chapters were written long ago, and the Editor places on
record his deep regret at the death of Prof. C. S. Srinivasachari,
Prof. S. V. Puntambekar, Prof. Biman
Behari Majumdar, Dr. N. K. Sinha and Prof. D. N. Banerjee
who contributed scholarly chapters to this volume.
My special thanks are due to Dr. V. G. Dighe
not only for his contributions to this volume but also for the valuable service
he rendered as Assistant Editor. Owing to my serious illness while this volume
was in the press, the editorial work had mainly to be carried on by him, and t am deeply grateful to him for
his ungrudging per- formance of this duty with
conspicuous success.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Dr. C. M. Kulkarni
for the help I received from him and to the several contributors for the
services Tendered by them in the preparation of this volume.
There is no separate Chapter on Art in this volume as the art of this
period has already been dealt with in Chapter XLV of Vol. XI of the Series.
Before I take leave of this stupendous project, it is my pleasant duty
to thank the staff of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan for the devotion they have shown in this work
throughout the long period of thirty-two
years. I· would specially like to mention the very capable Executive Secretary,
Shri S. Ramakrishnan, whose sustained interest in
this project made it possible to complete the History Series. The former
Production Manager Shri S. G. Tolat and his
successors Shri M. K. Rajagopalan (who died
prematurely in 1975), and Shri B. Srinivasa Rao, the
present holder of the post, have all bestowed great care in the printing and
publication of the present as well as the earlier volumes, for which I am much
indebted to them. i also take this opportunity to thank the Library authorities of the
University of Bombay and the Director of Archives, Government of Maharashtra,
for granting facilities to our contributors and editors to use their vast
treasure-houses.
The printing of this History Series was made possible because the Bhavan has behind it the experience and willing help of the
Associated Advertisers and Printers, and my thanks are also due to the staff of
the Press.